Biodiversity A-Level

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  • Biodiversity
    • Value
      • Provisioning
        • Products obtainted
      • Regulating
        • Regulation of ecosystem processes
      • Cultural
        • Non-material goods
      • Indo-Burma Hotspot
        • Factors affecting endemism: climate and precipitation, water sources e.g. Mekong River, habitat heterogeneitye.g. lakes and rivers
        • Threats: climate change, habitat destruction and overexploitation e.g. hunting an poaching
      • Tropical Rainforest
        • Climate Control, soil regulation, flood regulation
        • Food - 80% of food derives from TRF, medicine, rubber, timber
        • Aesthetic, tourism, education, research, indigenous culture
      • Coral Reefs
        • Shoreline Protection - buffer from coastal erosion and storms
        • Medicine: e.g. algae
        • Food: provides 25% of world's fish catch
        • Tourism, education and research
        • Building materials e.g. Limestone
        • Biodiversity - home to over 25% of all marine species
    • Factors
      • Human
        • Demographic Change
        • Conservation
        • Climate Change
        • Politics
        • Land Use
        • Attitudes
        • Science and Technology
        • Resource Consumption
        • Climate Change
      • Physical
        • Climate and Productivity
        • Isolation
        • Altitudinal Range
        • Habitat Architecture
        • Habitat Hetereogenuity
        • Size
        • Natural Disturbances
    • Threats
      • Tropical Rainforest
        • Palm Oil Plantations - Malaysia, Indonesia - Dutu Palma - up to 90% of timber logged illegal, Orangutang population reduced by 50%
        • Oil Drilling in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador - international effort to pay government not to drill failed = drilling will go ahead for economic development
        • African Mountain Gorillas in DR of C threatened by oil surveys by Soco International
        • Sumatran Tigers threatened in Indonesia by habitat fragmentation
      • Ocean Ecosystem
        • Overfishing - results in food web destruction e.g. Krill
        • Pollution - eutrophication, farm land run off, dead zones, siltation
        • Climate change - coral bleaching, species migration, ocean currents, ocean acidification
        • Invasive Species due to globalisation
        • Habitat destruction - trawling, dynamite fishing
      • Overexploitation
      • Desertification
      • Invasive Species
        • Japanese Knotweed, Zebra Mussels, Cane Toad
      • Habitat Change
      • Pollution
      • Climate Change
      • Poverty
    • Management
      • Players
        • TNCs and Private Companies
        • International governments and National
        • IGOs e.g. UN
        • Conservation Groups e.g. WWF
        • Locals e.g. Indigenous Groups
        • Governmentshave most influence over biodiversity - can limit TNCs and impact policy; many agreements rely on gov cooperation
      • Technological Fix
        • China's Panda Breeding
          • To prevent extinction of Chinese Panda due to habitat destruction due to urbanisation, reintroduction into the wild. Success is unknown.
      • TRF
        • Korup Project
          • Core and buffer - 6 villages relocated, education. alternative incomes, banning of hunting, UN backing and funding. Local conflict - loss of tradition. Unique conservation effort
        • ITTO
          • To promote sustainable use and trade of timber e.g. improving forest law enforcement in DR of C. Less than 10% of TRF managed sustainably atm. Funded over 1000 projects ($350 mil)
        • Daintree Rainforest
          • Douglas Shire Council: buy-back scheme to reduce population, rejected proposal for new bridge and ferry to stabilise tourist numbers, Australian Rainforest Foundation: Operation Big-Bird - 2000 more cassowary bird in 10 years - corridors
          • Wet Tropics Management:develops and implements plans and policies, education and funding. Rainforest Cooperative Research Council: community development e.g. indigenous land rights, conservation,increase in tourism to Port Douglas (550,000 per year)
        • FSC
          • Helps raise standards of biodiversity conservation - only worldwide recognised timber certification. Certifies industrial tree plantations and primary forest = bad Encourages consumption,doesn't address underlying issues
      • Oceans
        • IWC
          • Decline in whale populations, threatened by pollution, overfishing, Japanese 'scientific research'
        • North Sea
          • Fish stocks, quotas, ban on juvenile fish
    • Economic Development vs Biodiversity
      • Drivers of Change
        • Poverty
        • Pop Growth
        • Increased wealth
        • Foreign Intervention e.g. TNCs, war
        • Climate Change
        • Urbanisation
        • Industrialisation
      • Correlation
        • Strong correlation between economic development and ecosystem degradation
        • But more conservavtion efforts made as wealth increases
        • Global nature of world - foreign intervention plays large role in degrading LDCs
        • International attempts to conserve biodiversity e.g. Korup

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