4. Attribution theory
- Created by: Amy Parkinson
- Created on: 17-04-15 14:36
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- Attribution theory
- This looks at the reason given to account for success and failure in sport
- WEINER
- His model of attribution is based on 2 dimensions: locus of causality and stability
- The locus of causality indicates whether the attribution relates to factors that are either internal or external to the performer
- Effort and ability represent the internal factors while task difficulty and luck are external
- Stability refers to the degree of permanence associated with an attribution factor
- A stable factor may be ability and unstable one may be luck
- Control is a third dimension of the attribution model
- There are strong links between achievement motivation and attribution theory
- Reasons for success and failure
- In general, the coach should attribute failure to external factors like luck. This sustains confidence and motivation by taking away responsibility from the performer
- Internal attributions like ability should be used to reinforce success as this elevates confidence
- High achievers tend to attribute their success to internal factors and failure to external factors
- This is known as attribution bias and as a consequence high achiever tend to persist in the face of failure
- Low achievers tend to attribute success to external factors and failure to internal factors
- This is negative application of attribution and would cause the athlete to conform to learned helplessness
- Attribution retraining
- This involves changing the performer's perception of the causes of failure
- Failure may be instead attributed to external, controllable and unstable factors
- This can be used to raise confidence, convert avoidance behaviour into approach behaviour and encourage mastery orientation
- Strategies for the promotion of mastery orientation and avoidance of learned helplessness
- Mastery orientation is based on the individual's level of confidence
- An appropriately designed exercise programme can improve self-esteem and can modify the negative characteristics of Type A behaviour
- Attitudes toward physical activity can be changed by giving positive experiences in PE and rewarding achievement with positive reinforcement
- Negative attitudes can also be reversed by applying verbal persuasion and the psychological theory of cognitive dissonance
- Attribution theory can also have a positive influence on sports performance and promote mastery orientation y improving confidence
- In addition controllable effort attributions will change ego orientation into task orientation
- EVAL
- KAVUSSANU
- Ego-orientated athletes in competitive situations were likely to display aggressive behaviour, than were task-orientated athletes
- The processes of attribution and attribution retraining influence the development of self-esteem and task orientation
- ROBERTS ET AL
- Task goals facilitate a lifestyle that is both active and physical
- KAVUSSANU
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