AS Theories
- Created by: annikaakhtar
- Created on: 20-05-16 16:31
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- AS Theories
- H.P.Grice - Maxims (PRAGMATICS)
- Quantity: Gives enough info, not too much or too little
- Quality: Don't say false info, don't say what you have no audience for
- Manner: Avoid ambiguity, be orderly so you can be understood
- Relevance: Relevant info to ongong context of the convo
- Robin Lakoff - Politeness Principles
- 1.) Don't Impose: Formal politness, often interior speaking to superior.
- 2.) Offer options: Informal politeness, avoid forcing other person into a corner
- 3.) Encourage feelings of Camaraderie:Friendly or intimate politeness, shows interest, trust
- Brown & Levinson - Face Theory
- Positive face: Showing people they are liked & admired. We want them to like us
- Negative face: Avoid intruding on peoples lives, taking care not to impose our presence
- Face Threatening Acts:
- Off Record: hinting/using implicature to try & avoid clear intent
- On Record/Baldly: confront, unambiguously express a single communicative intention
- Negative: avoidance based, respecting negative face wants
- Positive politeness: approach-based, sharing same positive face wants
- Tannen - Gender
- DIFFERENCEMODEL - men and women speak differently
- Support Intimacy Understandin Feelings Proposals Compromise
- Status IndependencAdvice Information Orders Conflict
- DIFFERENCEMODEL - men and women speak differently
- Lakoff - Womens Language
- DOMINANCE MODEL - women are subordinated and disempowered
- TOP 10:
- *Hedges *Super polite forms *Tag questions *Speaking in italics (intonation) *Empty adjectives *Hypercorrectgrammar & pronunciation *Lacks sense of humour *Direct quotation (men paraphrase more) *Special lexicon *Question intonation in declarative statement
- TOP 10:
- DOMINANCE MODEL - women are subordinated and disempowered
- Labov - Oral Narratives of Personal Experience
- 1) Abstract - what the story will be about 2) Orientation - intro, background info 3) Complicating Action - thing that caused the event to happen 4) Evaluation - just ahead of big moment 5) Result/Resolution - how we got out of story 6) Coda - statement returning to present
- Giles - Accommodation Theory (TENOR)
- Convergence:Moving our speech closer to that of the other person (more common, effects social distance)
- Downward: Toning speech down to fit with lower class - make it informal
- Upward: Toning speech up to fit with upper class
- Divergence: People's speech moves further apart
- Convergence:Moving our speech closer to that of the other person (more common, effects social distance)
- Goffman - DramaturgicalModel
- Frontstage: aware of being watched/judged, deliberate about word choice
- Backstage: less guarded, more informal,less conscious about word choice
- Impression Management:deliberately giving impressions, trying to control the impression you give to others
- Power
- Address forms: Honorific/Titles (sir, your highness) vs diminutives (Jules, Dave)
- Naming: noun description, pronouns, turntaking, address form. Blaming: agency, inc avoidance by passives and nominalisation, process types, participant roles. Framing: agenda setting inc. initialising pairs, attitude, hedging, likelihood and obligation, adjectives
- H.P.Grice - Maxims (PRAGMATICS)
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