Tsar Alexander II
- Created by: businessas
- Created on: 24-01-17 22:37
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- Alexander II (1864-1881)
- Reforms
- Military (1874-75)
- Conscription made compulsory
- Modern weaponry introduced
- Literacy improved through education
- Education(1863-64)
- schools open to all regardless of gender or class
- universities allowed to govern themselves
- Judiciary (1864)
- Equality before law introduced
- Courts were made public + could be reported on
- New system based on the West
- Local government (1864-70)
- The zemstva was created in 1864
- The zemstva had no control over taxes.
- Voting reforms favoured the nobility
- Military (1874-75)
- Economic
- Change
- Tax farming was abolished and the tax system reforemed
- import duties reduced in 1863, to promote trade
- Government subsidies offered to develop railways
- joint-srock companies were reguiated, encouragiong investment
- Government support offered to those in the cotton industry
- annual growth of 6% annually
- 1871- Oil extraction began in the Caspian sea
- Ironworks set up in Donetsk (1872)
- Kulak class contributed positively to agriculture
- Continuity
- A third of all expenditure went on repaying debts
- Tax system kept the peasantry poor and domestic markets remained small
- tariffs were raised in 1878 to improve income
- The rouble had fluctuations in value
- Peasants had too little land to be profitable
- Change
- Opposition
- Radical opposition
- "The organisation" was set up in 1863, calling for reform
- Karl Marx communist manifesto was introduced in 1869
- The Tchaikovsky circle was set up in 1869, + mainly produced propaganda
- Narodniks believed revolution should start with the peasants
- Failed due to the ignorance of peasants (1600 arrested)
- Land and Liberty (split in 1879)
- Black repartition wanted to share the Russian land with peasants (peaceful)
- The Peoples Will, declared the tsar had to be removed in 1879, orchestrated numerous assassination attempts.
- Successful in 1881
- Moderate liberal opposition
- Intellligentsia had travelled to Europe and wanted change
- Nihilism and anarchism
- Slavophiles favoured a superior Russian path
- Westernisers wanted "western ways" implemented
- Radical opposition
- Emancipation of the Serfs (1861)
- Reasons to Emancipate the serfs
- Alexander II liberal upbringing
- Economic
- There was plans to build a railway
- Nobles were in debt due top the inefficient estates
- There was little internal trade
- emancipation would lead to a more productive peasantry
- Social
- Intelligentsia wanted change as it was immoral
- Political
- The social structure did little for the nobility meaning they were dependent on the serfs
- 1870 - Zemstvas were extended to towns where Dumas were created
- The former serf-owning gentry were replaced by the zemstvas between 1964-1870
- The social structure did little for the nobility meaning they were dependent on the serfs
- Military
- Crimean War (1853-56)
- Russia reduced conscription
- Realised they had to change
- Lost, against Turkey
- Russo - Turkish War (1877-78)
- Defeated again, in attempt to help Christians
- Crimean War (1853-56)
- Issues with the emancipation
- Peasants were given less land, which was less fertile
- Peasants paid more tax and had to sell all their grain
- Landlords used the payments to pay their debts rather than aide the economy
- Majority of peasants still ties to the land/mir
- Reasons to Emancipate the serfs
- Reforms
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