English Language. Accent and Dialect
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- Created on: 31-03-17 12:02
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- Accent and Dialect
- William Labov
- Martha's Vineyard -
- The pronunciation of certain vowel sounds were subtly changing.
- Inhabitants of Martha's Vineyard were speaking in this way to distance themselves from the 'outsiders' who holidayed on the island.
- The pronunciation of certain vowel sounds were subtly changing.
- New York Department stores
- In more prestigious stores there was a greater use of the post-vocalic/r/
- Those identified as middle class strove to use the prestige form.
- In more prestigious stores there was a greater use of the post-vocalic/r/
- Martha's Vineyard -
- Peter Trudgill, Norwich 1974.
- Explored differences in pronunciation of certain sounds between the people of working & middle class backgrounds
- Working class pronounced 'running' as 'runnin'.
- Explored differences in pronunciation of certain sounds between the people of working & middle class backgrounds
- Lesley Milroy
- Social Network Theory
- High network density score = accents were reinforced and stayed strong.
- Those who were more isolated = less strong accents.
- Complaint tradition
- Language is always declining and getting worse.
- Social Network Theory
- Penelope Eckert. The Jocks and the Burnouts.
- Burnouts = exaggerated pronunciation linked to urban accent of their neighbourhood.
- Jocks were critical of the burnouts and their ungrammatical language, swearing and not being articulate.
- Jocks = spoke in a more prestigious way,.
- Jocks were seen as talking like their parents.
- Burnouts = exaggerated pronunciation linked to urban accent of their neighbourhood.
- Jenny Cheshire. Reading, 1982.
- Recorded speech of groups of teenagers in an adventure playground.
- 'toughest' girls and boys conformed to non-standard grammatical forms.
- Was looking at the effects of peer-group culture.
- Recorded speech of groups of teenagers in an adventure playground.
- Harriet Powney
- Powney refers to familect
- Family members invent their own private lexis to refer to shared meanings.
- Powney refers to familect
- Basil Bernstein
- Working-class = restricted code of langauge.
- Context-based, limited forms of language.
- Middle-class = elaborated code.
- Context-free, complex form of language.
- Highly disputed - creates a deficit model for working class speakers.
- Working-class = restricted code of langauge.
- Peter Stockwell - Code-switching, language loyalty.
- Julia Snell - picking on non-standard voices risks marginalising some children and could make them less confident.
- Double negation - 'I never ate that cheese'.
- Stan Carey - analogy between speech and other forms of style e.g. clothing. We code-switch according to context as we do with clothes.
- Relativizers - led to expressions such as 'that's the film what i saw' being regarded as correct
- Milroy & Milroy (2014)
- When grammatical structures are the topic in popular culture, discourse centres on 'correctness'.
- Howard Giles
- Single actor put on different accents for different audiences but kept the content of what he was saying the same.
- Estuary English - David Rosewarne.
- An accent placed between RP and Cockey.
- Key features; glottal stops, pronouncing an 'l' like a 'w' or a vowel, confrontational tag questions.
- Watson (2008) - Liverpool is a dialectical island.
- Plymouth University
- From as young as 6 months, children prefer to hear their local accent, rather than RP.
- Dr. Andrew Harmer - Dialectologist
- Musical people change accents more readily than those who are not musical.
- If you like someone, you will diverge towards their accent.
- People change their accent when they move to new places to fit in. If they don't adapt their accent they sometimes don't fit in.
- MLE - Multicultural London English.
- Blend of different languages. E.g. West Indian, South Asian, Cockney, Estuary etc.
- Bradford Asian English - English and second language (usually Punjabi)
- George Orwell - Pronounced Cockney rhyming slang as 'almost extinct'.
- John Ayto - New cockney rhyming slang is still being created in the 21st Century.
- Museum of London
- 20% of 2,000 people knew that 'rabbit and pork' meant talk in cockney rhyming slang.
- 80% of Londoners do not understand phrases like 'donkey's ears' slang for 'years'.
- David Crystal - cockney rhyming slang was never widely known as it started as a secret way for people to talk. As soon as the slang became known people stopped using it.
- William Labov
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