A-Level Biology Module 3 Mindmap
- Created by: _.arx
- Created on: 25-01-21 11:35
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- 3.1 Exchange and Transport
- Transport in Animals
- Blood + tissue fluid
- Tissue fluid
- Lymph
- Arterial end
- Hydrostatic pressure > oncotic pressure
- venous end
- Oncotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure
- Erthrocytes
- Biconcave shape
- large SA
- Haemoglobin
- + oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin
- Large conjugated protein
- Biconcave shape
- Tissue fluid
- Fetal haemoglobin
- high affinity for O2
- Bohr effect
- Oxygen Disassociation curve
- Cardiac Cycle
- Systole
- Diastole
- Blood + tissue fluid
- Exchange Surfaces
- Features of efficient exchange surface
- Thin layers
- Good blood supply
- Good ventilation
- Large surface area
- Ventilation
- Expiration
- Air moves out
- Muscles relax
- Diaphragm relaxes
- Pressure increases
- Inspiration
- Thorax volume increases
- Diaphragm contracts
- External intercostal muscles contract
- Air moves in
- Expiration
- Human Gaseous Exchange System
- Alveoli
- Good ventilation - maintains conc. gradient
- 1 cell thick
- Large SA
- Blood supply maintains steep conc. gradient
- Nasal Cavity
- Large SA, good blood supply & secretes mucus
- Goblet Cells
- secrete mucus into trachea & cilia move mucus away
- Trachea
- wide tube with cartilage rings - prevent it from collapsing
- Bronchioles
- contain smooth muscle = allows contraction/ relaxation
- Bronchus
- Alveoli
- Gaseous Exchange in Fish
- Gill adaptations
- Rich blood supply
- Large SA for diffusion
- Counter current exchange system
- blood flows in one direction + water in other
- Gill filaments increase SA
- Gill adaptations
- Features of efficient exchange surface
- Transport in Plants
- Adaptations
- Xerophytes
- Thick waxy cuticle
- Sunken stomata - reduce transpiration
- Hydrophytes
- Large SA of stem + roots = maximises photosynthesis
- Lots of stomata
- Xerophytes
- Translocation
- Companion cells
- cell membrane - many folding
- Large SA for A.S of sucrose
- Many mitochondria
- Phloem unloading
- Diffusion of sucrose of phloem from cell to surroundings
- Phloem loading
- Passive
- Sucrose moves from source - sink via symplast route
- Active
- Passive
- Bulk movement of organic compounds from sources - sink
- Companion cells
- Transpiration rate
- Stomata open + close = controls rate
- more light = more evaporation
- Water loss from plant leaves + stem via diffusion + evaporation
- cohesion
- adhesion
- capillary action
- Adaptations
- Transport in Animals
- ECG
- Tachycardia
- Bradycardia
- Atrial fibrillation
- Ectopic heartbeat
- Blood vessels
- Smooth muscle
- allows lumen to change size
- Arterioles
- Collagen
- Structural support
- Veins
- Have valves = stop backflow of blood
- Capillaries
- Large SA for diffusion
- Arteries
- carry oxygenated blood
- Smooth muscle
- Vascular System
- Phloem
- for support
- transports solutes
- sieve tube elements - long/hollow
- Xylem
- transports water + mineral ions
- dead tissue
- contain lignin
- bordered pits
- Roots
- vascular bundle in middle
- Stem
- vascular bundle around edge
- Phloem
- Measuring lung capacity
- spirometer
- peak flow water
- Lung Capacity + Insects
- Lung volume
- Vital capacity
- Volume of air moving in, in strongest breath
- Tidal volume
- Volume of air moving in/out lungs
- Total lung capacity
- Expiratory reserve volume
- Inspiratory reserve volume
- Residual volume
- Vital capacity
- Gaseous exchange in insects
- high energy demands
- Spiracles
- small openings along thorax
- Thraecoles
- elongated with no chitin
- very small
- Thracea
- Lung volume
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