6. What did Brunton-Smith and McCarthy study in 2016?
Ages of onset for different crimes (both online and offline).
The age of onset for violent crime.
Ages of desistance for different crimes (both virtual and real).
The age of onset for illegal downloading.
7. What are the two main approaches in criminology?
Across individual change and within individual change.
Macro and micro.
Overt and covert.
8. What did Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) say about desistance?
Offenders do not grow out of crime - their opportunity structure simply changes.
Offenders do not change - they are ingrained into habitual criminality.
Offenders grow out of crime as they mature.
9. What were Glueck and Glueck's (1950) main findings?
The earlier the onset, the longer the offending career; crime declines with age; strongest factor for onset and continued offending was the family.
The more criminal someone is, the harder it is for them to break out of that lifestyle.
Desistance is comparable to a pension; the more that is invested into it, the greater the losses when crime is committed again.
10. Who came up with the 'Age Grade Theory'?
Bateman (2014)
Farrington et al (2006)
Sampson and Laub (2003)
Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990)
11. What was the name of Glueck and Glueck's 1950 book?
Determining Onset and Desistance
Unravelling Juvenile Delinquency
Unpicking Youth Crime
Explaining Delinquency in Youth
12. Who found that crime declines with age, some types of offence can increase with age, the earlier the onset the longer the criminal career, and that offending does not have a linear trajectory?
Sampson and Laub (2001)
Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990)
Glueck and Glueck (1950
13. What were the main findings in the 'Age Grade Theory'?
That family factors mediate childhood risk factors and that offenders do not offend forever.
That a one-time offender can easily transition into a life-course persistent offender.
14. Blockland and Niewbeerta (2005) found that...
Work, marriage and children reduces offending in some groups - but not high level offenders.
Army involvement, education and children reduces offending in all groups bar sociopaths.
Higher education and socio-economic background reduces the risk of criminality for all groups.
