Youth Pathways In and Out of Offending

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1. Who found that crime declines with age, some types of offence can increase with age, the earlier the onset the longer the criminal career, and that offending does not have a linear trajectory?

  • Glueck and Glueck (1950
  • Sampson and Laub (2001)
  • Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990)
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2. What was Matza's (1964) theory of desistance?

  • Familial associations.
  • Unpleasant finishes.
  • Maturational reform.
  • Humbling endings.

3. Who found that offending trajectories are more diverse for men than for women?

  • Francis et al (2004)
  • Bolonger (2008)
  • Smeegle (2001)
  • Moffitt (1993)

4. Who came up with the 'Age Grade Theory'?

  • Bateman (2014)
  • Sampson and Laub (2003)
  • Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990)
  • Farrington et al (2006)

5. What is desistance similar to, according to Laub, Nagin and Sampson (2003)

  • A pension.
  • An investment.
  • Currency.
  • Gold.
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