world cities

what is a millionaire city

a city with over 1 million inhabitants e.g. budapest

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what is a mega city

an urban area with over 10 million people living there e.g. mumbai

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what is a world city

a city that has an influence over the whole world, they are the centre of trade and business and are hubs of culture and science e.g. london , new york and tokyo

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what is urbanisation

the growth in the proportion of the countrys population that lives in urban areas

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what is suburbanisation

the movement of people from the city centre to the outskirts (suburbs)n

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what is couter-urbanisation

the movement of people from cities to rural areas

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what is re-urbanisation

the movement of people BACK to the city centre

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push factors for urbanisation

conflict can cause people to leave their homes / mechanisation of agriculture means fewer people are needed / natural disasters where people can not afford to rebuild their homes

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pull factors for urbanisation

more jobs in urban areas/ better oaid jobs/ acces to healthcare and education/ follow other family members / perception that there is a better quality of life

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negative impacts of urbanisation

housing shortages / people build their own houses leading to slums and shanty towns / high competition for good jobs / people have to work on low wages and in poor conditions / increase pollution

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problems with slums and shanty towns

built on unsuitable land at risk of landslides and flooding / lack of basic services e.g. clean water leading to more diseases / little or no access to education / difference between shanty town and wealthy areas can cuase crime and tension

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ways of managing povery in urban areas

building new houses to replace slums / improve the services available in slums / get residents involved in development of the area

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what happened in Sao Paulo

the governemtn ran a housing project to build 100,000 new flats for slum residents but no one could afford the flats so only 14,000 were built/ the monte azul community association provie education and free healthcare

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push factos of suburbanisation

housing in cities can be poor quality / deindustrialisation leads to people loosing jobs in the city / unemployment increase leads to less disposable income so bussinesses close

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pull factors of suburbanisation

planning laws may be more relaxed / spacious green environments / improvements in public transport and increased car ownership means people can commute / as businesses move out of thecentre due to lower rents jobs become availible there

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impacts of suburbansiation on the city centre

buildings become run down and abandoned / unemployment increases / lowers living standards and increases poverty / economic and ethnic segregation / increase congestion and pollution as people commute

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impacts of suburbanization on the suburbs

new housing estates are often built (can have an impacts on wildlife) / more impermeable surfaces are built / increases congestion and pollution in suburbs

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push factors for counter urbanisaiton

to escape air pollution and noise pollution/ citys often have congestionand parking problems / get less property for what you pay

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pull factors for counter urbanisaiton

less densely packed housing meaning more open green spaces / improved communication services e.g.internet in rural areas (work from home) / improved transport / get more for your money

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positive impacts counter-urbanisation on rural areas

increase in business for some services e.g. local pubs / farmers can sell unwanted land for housing developmetns / if families move their schools can stay open and dont have to close due to lack of students

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negative impacts counter-urbanisation on rural areas

affects charachter of the area / rural roads may not cope with additional traffic / congestion and increased polution in rural areas /elderly people may move their due tothe lifestyle leading to less children so schools close / house prices increase

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pull factors of re-urbanisation

urban development coorperations were set up to regenerate derelict urban areas / more unis are based in urban areas so young people move there for education / young people often want a good night life with bars etc

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push factors of re-urbanisation

liack of jobs in rural or suburban areas / less leisure and entertainment facilities / high house prices in rural areas

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positive impacts of re-urbanisation on the city centre

new shops and services open boosting the economy / as businesses return jobs become available / state schools benefit from increased number of students

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negative impacts of re-urbanisation on the city centre

original residence may not be able to afford the increase in house prices / tension between original and newcomers / shops and services may not cater for the unwealthy as they are aimed at wealthier people

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what are the 4 stages of urban decline

decline in industry / increase in unemployment / shops ans services decline / the physical environment declines

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what is decline in industry

may be due to the movement of manufacturing overseas causing the industry to close, or industry may move to outside the city centre due to cheaper rent

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why does unemployment increase

if industry declines there are less jobs and the jobs left behind are often unskilled and low paying jobs

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why do shops and services decline

if unemployment increase people have less disposable income to spend / people move out of the city to find new jobs so there are fewer people using the services /

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why does the phyiscal environment decline

as industry, sevices and population decline building become abandoned and derelict leading to vandalism / recreational areas are neglected and may be a house of crime / areas become unattractive and few people want to live there so the area decline

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what is gentrification

when wealthier people move into a run down area and regenerate it by improving the housing

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positive impacts of gentrification

housing is improved / house prices increase so homeowners can sell their houses for more money / new businesses move into the area to cater for new people (creates jobs) / crime rates may fall due to less derelict buildings

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negative impacts of gentrification

tenants in the area may be forced out by landlords as they cant afford the rent due to increased prices / original residents may loose theservices they need e.g. convenience stores as they are replaced with up mrket shops / tension

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what are partnership schemes and what do they do

involves local councils working with businesses and local communities to come up with a regeneration plan for an area

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reasons for growth of out of town retailing

increased car ownership/ improved road e.g. motorways so its quicker to get to them /

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negative impacts of out-of-town retailing on the nearby city

fewer people shop in the city centre meaning shops close down and people lose their jobs / services are used less such as restaurant and buses leading to job loses / investment in the area decreases so it becomes run down

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positive impacts of out-of-town retailing on the nearby city

local councils and the government sometimes invest money to improve the city and attract customers / congestion and pollution may decrease in the city centre

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negative impacts of out-of-town retailing on the rural-urban fringe

complexes require lots of construction leading to noise pollution and jobs are only temporary / congestion increases as most people drive there

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positive impacts of out-of-town retailing on the rural-urban fringe

create jobs for people living in the suburbs / built on brownfield site which would otherwise be left empty / houses that have easy acess may increase in price / increases tourism of the area

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strategies to redevelop city centres and bringback shoppers

more pedestrian zones to make shops easily accessible / renovate old shopping centres or building new ones / open street markets to improve atmosphere / improve public transport / increase CCTV & street light to reduce crime / increase opening times

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what are the 5 methods of waste management

landfill // composting // recycling // energy recovery // reduce and reuse

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what is landfill and how is it used for waste management

when rubbish and waste is buried often in former quarries- they are cheap in the short term but not sustainable

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what are the disadvantages of landfil as waste management

release CO2 and methane causing climate change / pollutes groundwater / dumps material that could be recycled or reused

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what is composting and and how is it used for waste management

organic material is broken down by micro-organisms as it is biodegradable

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positives of composting

it is sustainable as it decreases waste in landfill / if individuals compost it reduces cost for local authorities

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limitation of composting

it has to be managed properly and not be contaminated by non organic matter as it then cant be used for agriculture

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what is recycling and how is it used for waste management

when material is made into new products or material e.g. plastic bottles can be made into a jumper

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advantages of recycling

uses less energy than making new things / reduces demand for raw material / reduces waste going into landfill /

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disadvantages of recycling

relies on individuals to separate general waste and recycling / cost money to set up recycling plants and collection / recyclable material often has to betransported abroad

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what is energy recovery and how is it used for waste management

when waste that cant be composted, reused or recycled is burnt to produce heat and electricity - it reduces fossil fueles but is not sustainable as it produces CO2

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what is reduce and reusing and how is it used for waste management

reducing the amount of waste we produce e.g. businesses sending emails rather than letters and reusing material e.g. individuals reusing plastic containers multiple times

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how do road schemes make transport more sustainable

bus lanes encourage people to use public transport as they bypass congestion / cycle lanes make it safer for cyclists / high occupancy lanes can only be used with more than 2 - 3 passengers promoting car sharing

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how do intergrated transport systems make transport more sustainable

coordinating different types of public transport so that it is easy for passengers to transfer between transport/ it reduces journey times so enocurage public transport rather than cars /all transport tickets mean it is cheap to use p transp

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how does traffic management make transport more sustainable

bypasses can be built so traffic does not go through busy areas / park and ride schemes are usually cheaper than central parking and reduce cars in the centre

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how do low carbon vehicles make transport more sustainable

they produces significantly less emission / they may run on renewable energy / they improve air quality

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impacts of urbanisation in Mumbai

public health care only reaches 30% of people /in dry season water has to be rationed / overcrowding has lead to spread of diseases such as malaria

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management of urbanisation in Mumbai

the slum sanitation project has buit 330 communal toilet blocks / alternative forms of transport e.g. scooters / metro system is being built / redevelopment project to build new apartments (some are against it as it may damage pottery industry)

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what has Mumbai's population increased by

5.9 million in 1971 to 12.5 million in 2011

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reasons for suburbanisation in surbiton

transport links into central london are excellent / good variety of housing and good quality / lots of shops and restaurants / good state schools so popular with families

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management of suburbanisation in surbiton

proposed road widening and new access road / surbiton neighbourhood committee set up to help residents feel more involved / campaigns for surbitonto be a zone 5 which would increase public transport / improvement to station by putting in bike racks

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issues in surbiton due to suburbanisation

70% of households own at least 1 car / travel zone 6 meaninf transport is expensive so 40% of people drive to work / house prices are high

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reasons for counterurbanisation in St. Ives

good road access and rail links to london / 1 quarter ofthe workng population commute to london / picturesque town / exclusive apartments have been built n the town centre

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management of counterurbanisation in St. Ives

75 out of 200 houses hae to be affordable for people in lower incomes / plans for 240 primamry school places to be made / £8.8 million spent of flood proteciton

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impacts in St. Ives due to counterurbanisation

traffic congestion of A14 / average house prices rose / new housing developments has increased the risk of flooding / population structure is younger= pressure on school places

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what have the london docklands development corporation done

made into an enterprise zone so taxes lowered and plannign restrictions relaxed lead to £7.7 billion in private investment / 24,000 new houses built / new schools built / dockland light railways cut journey times to central london/ new public facilit

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negative impacts of the the london docklands development corporation

conflict between original residents and new ones as as the originals felt it favoured luxury development / 36% of original residents were unskilled so unemployment is still high

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managment strategies in London Docklands

40% of housing is affordable / centres have been set up to provide training in literacy maths and IT / Skilnet is a job agency that provide peoplewith skills they need for jobs

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causes of decline in the london docklands

the river thames became silted meaning large ships could not come there / in 1981 50% was vacant or derelict / unemployment was 24% / housing was very poor quality

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impacts of urban decline in the london docklands

150,000 had lost their jobs / increased crime rates due to unemployment / lack of local services e.g. shop due to population loss

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reasons for gentrification in islington

increase in jobs such as law and banking so people with these jobs wanted to live close to the centre / well connected due tothe underground / large and attractive houses that are cheap due to the area

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positive imacts of gentrification in islington

improved housing / new bussinesses opened such as wine bars (increased employment and economy) / housing value increased / crime rates fell

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negative impacts of gentrification in islington

increased house prices meant original residents were forced out of the area / wealth gap between richest and poorst / businesses such as pubs closed / tension occured

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management of gentrification in islington

charities are working to improve education in poor neighbourhood / businesses are encourage to pay living wave = £8.30

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what did the london thames gateway do

building a new town centre including new railways station and cycle access / renovation of schools and improved education services / sustainable housing development creating 10,000 new houses

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successes ofthe londond thames gateway

population is growing in the area/ renovation of schoools has lead to improved education standards

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concerns of the london thames gateways property led regenration

some residents feel they aren listened to e.g. a temporary nighlub was built despite objection to noise / a proposed block of flats would cause parking problems and lack of green space

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successes of the hulme partnership scheme

hulme has become a more attractive place to live and the population grew by 3.3% in 10 years / £400 million of private investment has been received creating jobs and services / unemployment fell from 32% to 6% in 2010 alone

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issues of the hulme partnership scheme

hulme is still a poor area with 47.5% living is social housing / house prices have increased leading to unaffordable houses for people on a low income / unemployment is still high compared to the rest of manchester

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what was the hulme partnership scheme

in the 1960s the area was cleared for redevlopment due to overcrowding but many people felt isolated so moved out/ in 1992 the partnership scheme was formed/ manchestercity council worked with companiesto design a £37.5 million regeneration

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what was done as part of the hulme partnership scheme

tower blocks were demolished and a mix of houses were built / the zion centre was built which is community centre / birley fields business park encouraged private investment / hulm park was built to provide a safe outdoor space

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why is the trafford centre popular

largest catchment area of any UK shopping centre / 200 shops / 1600 seater food court / 20 screen cinema / 11,500 free parking spaces / long opening hours / easily accessible due to roads

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positive impacts of the Trafford centre

supports local projects e.g. royal manchester children's hospital / employs 8000 people / provides work experience for young people / wide range of services e.g. legoland

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negative impacts of the trafford centre and management of the issues

congestion and pollution / shops in local towns have had to close as people don't use them/ the centre is investing is public transport to reduce congestion / anual events and reduced parking charges in local areas to encourage people to go to those

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what is the st stephen's development in Hull

sponsored by hull city council and yorkshire foreward / developing a retail , food , cinema and leisure complex/ new transport interchange and 1500 parking spaces / opened 2007 september

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what is the london congestion charge

a green tax on motorists traveling within part of london that fall within the congestion charge zone / it costs £10 for each day a car enters the zone

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objective of the London congestion charge

reducepollution and congestion / raise funds for investment in london's transport system / in 2004/5 raised £80 million

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world cities

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