Week 1: Cell bio and biochem

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Proteins are...
polymers of amino acid monomers
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An amino acid consists of...
an alpha carbon (central) bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyllic group (COOH), Hydrogen atom and an R side chain.
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Isomers are...
structures with the same chemical formula but different atomic arramgement.
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Stereoisomers are...
structures with the same chemical formula and atomic arrangement, but different spatial arrangements.
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All amino acids taken from protein (from any source) are always...
L- amino acids
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Microorganisms use ... in some structures such as cell walls.
D- amino acids
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Polar charged amino acids are...
always present in their fully charged state, and are able to form ionic bonds with other charged species within a cell.
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Histidine is also considered...
polar, but can only partially charge at physiological pH.
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Non-polar or hydrophobic amino acids are...
unable to form any electrostatic bond with or interact with water.
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How do amino acids join together?
by peptide bonds, linking of the carboxyl group and elimination of a water molecule.
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Polypeptide chains are...
two or more amino acids joined together to form a long, continuous unbranched chain.
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Once part of a polypeptide chain, amino acids are known as...
residues.
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Each polypeptide chain has an...
N terminal free amino acid group, and the C terminal has a free carboxyl group.
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Primary structure is the...
the linear sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain.
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The sequence of amino acids will determine...
most but not all of the proteins 3D shape, and thus determine its function.
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In Sickle cell anemia we find...
a single change in the amino acid sequence.
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What is there instead of glutamic acid in sickle cell anemia?
Valine is present instead of glutamic acid.
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In sickle cell anemia has a...
charged, polar amino acid that has been replaced by a non-polar one. This alters hemoglobin leading to decreased oxygen carrying capacity and cell deformation.
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What can you determine from genetic code for a protein?
The amino acid sequence of proteins.
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Why is the amino acid sequence of a protein important?
Because amino acid sequence determines protein structure and structure dictates biochemical function.
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Is it a problem if there are errors in the amino acid sequence, and what example?
Yes, as this will affect the structure and then the function of the protein. For example, sickle cell anemia.
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Who deduced the first amino acid sequence of a protein?
Frederick Sanger.
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What is the secondary structure of a protein?
coils into alpha helix, and beta pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonds.
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What are two of the proposed polypeptide structures named by Pauling and Corey?
the α-pleated sheet structure, or the polar pleated sheet.
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Where would you likely find the most biologically active zones of a polypeptide?
Portions not found in alpha helix or beta pleated sheets may be found in zones such as hinges, turns, loops and finger like extensions. These are often the most flexible sections of a polypeptide, and the sites of the greatest biological activity.
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What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
more complete folding that occurs in a 3D shape of a functional protein due to mainly R groups. The 3D shape is due to other bonds such as ionic bonds, disulfide bonds etc.
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Detail of tertiary structure can be found through...
X-ray crystallography.
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What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
protein consisting of one or more polypeptide chains. Each polypeptide chain can be a subunit and can be held together by interactions such as hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

An amino acid consists of...

Back

an alpha carbon (central) bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyllic group (COOH), Hydrogen atom and an R side chain.

Card 3

Front

Isomers are...

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Stereoisomers are...

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

All amino acids taken from protein (from any source) are always...

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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