HCG in blood 9-10days, HCG in urine 14days, softened isthmus 5-12weeks, chadwicks sign 8+weeks, pulsation of fornices 8weeks+. change in sking pigmentation 8weeks, braxton hicks 16 weeks, ballotment of fetus 16-28 weekss
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Definite signs of pregnancy
Transvaginal ultrasound visualisation of gestational sack 4-5weeks, transabdominal ustrasound of gestational sac 5.5weeks, transabdominal ultrasound of heart pulsation 6weeks, foetal heart dopler 11-12 weeks, fetal heart stephosocpe 20+weeks
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More definite signs
Palpable movements 22weeks, visible movements late pregnancy, fetal parts palpated 24+weeks, visualisation of fetus by xray 15weeks
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What is HCG
HCG is human chorionic gonadotrophin which is produced bu the trophoblast and acts to maintain pregnancy through corpus luteum. It influences fetal developemnet and sexual differentiation, stimulates placental progesterone. Detected in maternal blood
20% increase oxygen consumption, increased ventolation due to progesterone, hyperaemia narrows passages, vena cava compresssion
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Renal tract changes
Increased kidney size, sphincters relax, Renal calyces/pelvis and ureters dilate, 50-80% renal blood flow increase, increased excretion of glucose, sodium retetion due to progesterone, oestrogen increases angiotensin and renin production, reduced bla
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Gastrointestinal changes
Gastric displacement, increased salvation, relaxation of lower oesophageal sphincter, reduced motility in small intestine, reduced motility in large intestine, compressed colon
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Immune system changes
Increased B lymphocytes, decreased t lymphocytes, decreased lgG, increased lgD, 30% increase of neutrophils
50g to 1000g hypertrophy and hyperplasia, 20 weeks spherical thick wall, 30 weeks cylindrical thinner wall, cavity 5l,
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Vagina changes
chadwicks sign, acidic, increased discharge
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Cervix changes
Operculum, increased mass and width, odematous, 10% muscle fibres mostly gone by term, rippening of connectibe tissue, effacement, collegenase and elastase allow dilation,
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Breast changes
Enlarge, erect *******, lactiferous ducts and tubes increase due to oestrogen, secretory,
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