Water World

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Where is 99% of the worlds water stored?
oceans, ice caps and glaciers
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Where is the other 1% stored?
lakes, rivers, ground, atmosphere, marsh and vegetation
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What is surface flow?
rain falls onto the ground and flows on the surface into rivers and lakes
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What is through flow?
rain water is soaked into the ground (infiltration) and flows slowly to rivers
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What is groundwater flow?
rainwater is soaked into rocks below the soil. It moves slowly through the cracks and joints or air spaces
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What is evaporation?
when water warms up and returns to the atmosphere as water vapour
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What is condensation?
when water vapour cools and forms tiny water droplets sometimes forming visible clouds
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What is precipitation?
when tiny water droplets previously formed collide and grow until they fall to the ground as rain or snow
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What are the main reasons water supply may become unreliable?
may be specific wet and dry seasons, weather cycles, global warming
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How can wet and dry seasons affect water supply?
In the Sahel (africa) there are long dry periods which cause the ground to become hard so in the short wet period there is a lot of run off so little water is stored
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How can weather cycles affect water supply?
an area may get several dry years followed by several wet years. The dry years are what the Sahel is dealing with leading to serious food shortages
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How does global warming affect water supply?
dry places like the Sahel will get dryer and wet places like the UK will continue to get wetter
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How do human affect water supply?
sewage, farming, chemical waste, waste
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How does sewage affect water quality?
untreated sewage being pumped into rivers can lead to serious diseases such as cholera and typhoid from drinking the infected water
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How does intensive agriculture affect water quality?
it releases fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides into the local water system and can poison wildlife and affect water quality
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How does eutrophication come about?
From a lot of intensive agriculture and the run off of fertilisers from fields into rivers and causing a lot of algae growth
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How do waste chemicals affect water quality?
waster chemicals such as industrial dyes in china are pumped into the yangtze river making the water poisonous to wildlife and unsafe to drink
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How does non biodegradable waster affect water quality?
It can kill wildlife and clog up water ways
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How can we manage the human effect on water quality?
treat sewage before its pumped into rivers, farmers regulate fertiliser and chemical use, factories dispose of chemical waste before returning water to river, recycle waste more
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How does the UK environmental agency try to stop factories dumping chemical waste?
imposes a heavy fine on any factory which releases chemical waste into the environment
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What are some features of large scale water management?
they are: expensive to build and maintain, cover large areas, organised by local or national government, usually dams or reservoirs created
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Where is a dam in the developed world?
Colorado river USA
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What are the benefits of the Colorado dam?
reduces flooding, electricity is produced, water is stored behind the dam and year round supply of clean water.
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How does the dam help with flooding?
it reduces flooding that would normally occur in the summer and droughts that would normally occur in the winter
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How is the HEP used that is generated by the dam?
it is used by local towns, farms and factories
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How is the water used that is stored behind the dam?
can be used for irrigation and for supplying growing cities such as Las Vegas
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What are some of the disadvantages/costs of the Colorado dam?
land lost to flooding when building, sediment has built up behind dam effecting the HEP generation, less sedt folwing down river has disrupted habitat for native fish, less sedt means sandbanks have shrunk, water doesn't reach mouth in mexico
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Where is the developing world dam?
Three Gorges Dam, China (Yangtze river)
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What are the benefits of the TGD?
reduced flooding along the river, water behind dam available for irrigation, HEP generated by turbines in dam, river is deeper and better for ships
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What is good about the HEP provided by the TGD?
worlds largest capacity HEP station. China saves 31 mil tonnes of coal each year. Overall greenhouse gas emissions has reduced
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How has the river being deeper helped China?
it is more navigable for ships so it has improved their trade and transport and ships can access easier
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What are some of the disadvantages/costs of the TGD?
Good farmland lost, people displaced, expense, risk of landslides, no sedt downstream to maintain river banks, important wetlands destroyed
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How many people were displaced because of the TGD?
over 1.3 million people were forced to move their homes as towns and villages disappeared under water
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How expensive was the TGD?
22.5 billion USD but some people believe it could have been as much as $50 billion USD
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What sort of management are you more likely to find in the developing world?
small scale intermediate technology solutions. Relatively cheap to build and maintain and cover small areas organised by locals fits with their skill set
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What are small scale water management devices used for?
help local people access clean water and increase water storage safely
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What are some examples of small scale water management?
wells, hand pumps, rain barrels, pumpkin tanks
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What is a bottom up management method?
one that isn't run by the government and is small scale, local for example pumpkin tank
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What is a top down management method?
government run, large scale, expensive, three gorges dam
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What are wells put in place to do?
dug to reach underground water supplies. Lined with concrete and and have a concrete lid to prevent pollution by sewage
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What are hand pumps put in place to do?
a more efficient way of reaching underground water where there is less chance of water becoming contaminated
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What is a rain barrel put in place to do?
collect rain water from gutters and roofs can be stored and used in times of droughts. This is called water harvesting. Water stays clean in the covered barrel
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Where is the other 1% stored?

Back

lakes, rivers, ground, atmosphere, marsh and vegetation

Card 3

Front

What is surface flow?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is through flow?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is groundwater flow?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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