Help epithelia and mucous membranes, Retinal function (combines with opsin=rhodopsin), Bone growth, Immune function
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Pro-vitamin A: Beta carotene
Converted to retinol. Ability varies with: Age(Young poor at converting), Species(Cats cannot convert), Breed(Channel island cows poor converters), Health(Disease affecting gut wall and liver function)
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Source of retinol
Cod liver oil, Egg yolk, Milk fat
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Source of Beta carotene
Plants (grass), hay and grass silage less than 1/2 the amount
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Retinol deficient foods
Cereal grains and meat
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Problems with deficiency: Cattle
Scaly skin, Night blindness, problems with fertility and birthing.
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Problems with deficiency: Dogs & Cats
Dogs: Scaly skin, night blindness, abnormal skeletal growth. Cats: Foetal defects and complete infertility.
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Problems with deficiency: Poultry
Pale comb, loss of condition, prone to diseases, high mortality rate.
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Hypervitaminosis A
Dogs & Cats: Abnormal bone deposition, lameness, gingivitis, weight loss, poor coat. Pigs: In pregnant sows, can cause cardiac abnormalities in piglets
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Calciferols Functions
Promotes Ca 2+ absorption in gut lumen, stimulates phosphorous uptake from gut and reabsorption of both Ca 2+ and P from bone and kidney
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Calciferols Sources
Oily fish, Egg yolk, Hay, Colostrum, sunlight on skin
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Problems with deficiencies
Rickets (weak deformed bones in young growing animals), osteomalacia in adults(weak bones)
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Vitamin E: alpha Tocopherol Functions
Biological antioxidants, prevent damage from free radicals, normal reproductive function, muscular function and capillary integrity
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Vitamin E Sources
Important in dietary intake, green fodder(Grass, green veg.), Cereals(decreases during storage)
Green leafy materials, Egg yolk, Liver, Fish, Gut bacteria synthesise. Rapidly destroyed by heat and exposure to sunlight
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Vitamin signs of deficiency
In chicks, causes anaemia and delayed blood clotting
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What can synthesise B Vitamins
Rumen bacteria (only a problem in young pre-ruminant sick animals)
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Vitamin B functions
cellular respiration pathways and energy transfer, co-enzymes
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Problems with being water soluble
Minimal body reserves, sudden onset of deficiency signs
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Vitamin B sources
Liver, yeast, green foods, cereals, milk
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Vitamin B1 function and signs of deficiency
Initiation and propagation of nerve impulses. Nervous system failing, paralysis, blindness, loss of appetite
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Vitamin B2 Functions and signs of deficiency
Oxidative phosphorylation and H+ transport. Pigs: Poor appetite and growth, eye abnormalities, infertility and abortion. Chicks: Curled toe paralysis. Ruminants: Inappetance, diarrhoea, mouth lesions.
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Vitamin B6 Signs of deficiency
Chicks: Neural degeneration and jerky gait
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Vitamin B12: Sources
Foods of animal origin (liver, meat, milk)
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Vitamin B12 function and Deficiency signs
Coenzyme in cellular respiration pathways. Poor growth in young animals
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Vitamin C: Function and sources
Collagen formation, oxidation and reduction pathways, Iron transport, antioxidant. Citrus fruits, green, leafy veg, synthetic. Important in primates and guinea pigs.
Converted to retinol. Ability varies with: Age(Young poor at converting), Species(Cats cannot convert), Breed(Channel island cows poor converters), Health(Disease affecting gut wall and liver function)
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