Urban Issues and Challnges

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  • Created by: tobyf
  • Created on: 02-06-18 14:54
What are some push and pull factors that cause urbanisation?
Push: natural disasters, mechanisation of agricultural equipment, desertification, conflict or war. Pull: more jobs, access to better healthcare and education, to join family, for a better quality of life.
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What economic and social opportunities does Urban Growth create in LICs and NEEs?
Social: better access to services (eg healthcare) and resources (eg clean water). Economic: increases economic development, more people move as industries develop, industrialisation causes greater profit (manufactured goods)
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What economic, social and environmental challenges does Urban Growth create in LICs and NEEs?
Social/Economic: badly built & overcrowded, lack of access to basic & medical services & education, unclean conditions, long hours & little pay, high unemployment and crime levels. Environmental: rubbish heaps, air pollution, sewage, traffic jams
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Different zones of a city?
Central Business District (CBD) surrounded by a ring road, inner city with mix of land uses, suburbs with mainly residential buildings and rural-urban fringe with farmland and open spaces
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What opportunities does Urban Change bring?
Immigrants bring their culture. Redevelopment brings investment opportunities. CBDs have been redeveloped with offices and entertainment, creating employment. Green spaces are now being incorporated into regenerated areas of UK cities.
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What challenges does Urban Change bring?
Industrial decline causes decrease in wealth. Deprived areas can have poor access to healthcare, education & jobs. High demand can lead to urban sprawl into greenfield sites. Rural-urban fringe under pressure from development (e.g. shopping centres)
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Name some ways to make a city more sustainable
WCS (collecting rainwater, water meters). ECS (promoting renewable sources, energy efficiency requirements). Creating green spaces reduces air pollution & makes people happier & healthier. Waste recycling means less waste goes to landfill
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Problems caused by traffic congestion and solutions?
Environmental, social and economic problems. Solutions: encouraging public transport, park & ride on outskirts of city, bus priority lanes, parking restrictions, car sharing, ring roads divert traffic from city centre
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Ways of measuring development?
Wealth: GNI, GNI per head, GDP. Health: death rate, infant mortality rate, people per doctor, access to safe water, life expectancy. Education: literacy rate. Women's rights: birth rate. Everything: HDI
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Ways of classifying countries? What problems do these classifications show?
MEDC (USA, Australia), LEDC (India, China), HIC (UK, USA), LIC (Uganda, Somalia), NEE (China, Brazil). They do not show variations in the population
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How does the DTM vary through the stages?
1: br & dr high & fluctuating, population low & steady. 2: br high & steady, dr rapidly falling, population rapidly increasing. 3: same as 2 but br starts to fall. 4: population high, br & dr low & fluctuating. 5: pop. & br falling, dr low & steady
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Physical causes of uneven development?
Poor climate &/or poor farming land (not much will grow at low rates). Few raw materials (make less money, less spent on development). Lots of natural hazards (spending lots of money on rebuilding & less on development). Colonisation. Conflict
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Economic causes of uneven development?
Poor trade links, so cannot make much money so not much spent on development. Lots of debt so money is used to pay back and not for development. An economy based on primary products means they'll earn less profit as they aren't manufactured
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Uneven development consequences?
Wealth: people in HICs have higher income than in LICs. Health: people in HICs have better healthcare access & quality, higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality rates than those in LICs. If LICs/NEEs border HICs, high migration rates occur
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Strategies to reduce development gap?
Aid gives money to LICs. Debt relief cancels a country's debts. Fair trade gives farmers a fair price. Investment in LICs improves industry. Tourism increases income. Microfinance loans allow business setup. Intermediate technology improves tools
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Advantages of TNCs?
They create jobs in the countries they operate in, the employees get a more reliable income, they spend money to improve the local infrastructure, new technology and skills are brought to poorer countries.
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Disadvantages of TNCs?
Employees in poorer countries are often paid less than those in richer countries and have to work long hours. Most TNCs come from HICs, so profits go back there. Many of the jobs aren't secure, the TNCs could relocate them at any time.
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What are the key causes of industrial change in the UK?
De-industrialisation and the decline of the UK's industrial base. Globalisation (a lot of manufacturing has moved overseas, making trade play a more important part to the UK's GDP).
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What are the most important industries in the UK?
Tertiary & Quaternary industries are growing, secondary is declining. Services: retail is UK's largest sector, 4.4mn people. IT: 60k people employed. Finance: UK home to many global finance institutions. Research: nearly £30bn spent on R&D in 2013
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Where are quaternary industries found and why have they grown?
In science or business parks on the outskirts of cities near good transport links, close to housing, near universities. They've grown due to the increase in demand for high-tech products & the high number of strong research universities in the UK
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Evidence for the north-south divide?
Wages lower in the north (40% lower in 2014). Health worse in the north (life expectancy for males 72.6 in Glasgow, 82.9 in East Dorset in 2012. GCSE results better in south.
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How is the government trying to resolve regional differences?
Devolving more powers, money used on schemes to benefit locally. Creating enterprise zones, offer companies reduced taxes, improved infrastructure & simpler planning rules. Norther powerhouse attracts investment in north & improves transport links
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What are the consequences of having a lack of food, water and energy?
Food: malnutrition, more diseases, prevents working & performing well in school. Water: diseases, walk long distances, can't go to school, less time working, less products. Energy: deforestation, walking further, lack of safe water, less jobs
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Why do we import food from overseas? Why has organic produce become more popular?
As income has increased, demand for exotic and seasonal foods all year round. As people have become more concerned about health, and environmental impacts, many have turned to organic produce, although much is grown overseas
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Why is our Carbon Footprint growing? How are environmentalists trying to stop this problem?
Growing, processing & packaging of food releases CO2 (carbon footprint), and so does transporting (food miles). Imported foods have high food miles. People have been encouraged to buy locally (farmer's markets becoming more popular)
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What is Agribusiness? How have farms in the UK been changing?
It's large-scale, industrial farming controlled by large firms. Farm sizes have been increasing, more chemicals have been used, the number of workers has been falling. Hedgerows are cleared, loss of biodiversity, heavy machinery causes soil erosion
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Why is water demand a problem across the UK?
The highest rainfall is in the west and north, whilst the highest population densities are in the south east and midlands. Since 1975, water demand has gone up by 70%, population will increase by 10 million by 2040
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What are some problems causing water pollution in the UK?
Nitrates & phosphates from fertilisers washed into rivers & groundwater. Pollutants from vehicles washed into water sources. Chemical & oil spills polluting local water sources & groundwater. Improved drainage systems, regulations on fertilisers
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How can water transfers help? What are their problems?
It is when water is transferred from areas of surplus to areas of demand. There can be issues: dams & aqueducts needed for transporting are expensive. Can affect wildlife. Might be political issues.
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What are the economic issues of exploiting energy sources?
Fossil fuel extraction is expensive, cost increases the more scarce. North sea oil may cost more to produce than to sell. Cost of producing electricity from nuclear & renewable sources high. Money needed for research. Renewable sources not reliable.
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What are the environmental issues of exploiting energy sources?
Fossil fuels release greenhouse gases. Fracking pollutes ground water, causes mini-earthquakes. Oil spills & nuclear disasters harm environment. Natural ecosystem damaged by renewable energy generators (tidal barrages, wind farms). Eyesores
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Card 2

Front

What economic and social opportunities does Urban Growth create in LICs and NEEs?

Back

Social: better access to services (eg healthcare) and resources (eg clean water). Economic: increases economic development, more people move as industries develop, industrialisation causes greater profit (manufactured goods)

Card 3

Front

What economic, social and environmental challenges does Urban Growth create in LICs and NEEs?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Different zones of a city?

Back

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Card 5

Front

What opportunities does Urban Change bring?

Back

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