Unit C - Causes of Damage to the Structure of Buildings

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  • Created by: Blodwyn
  • Created on: 03-09-17 13:28
List 7 potential causes of damage to the structure of buildings
Adverse Weather Conditions, Overloading of Structures, Damage from Moving Plant, Hot & Corrosive Atmospheres, Vibration, Alteration to Structural Members & Subsidence
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List 3 types of adverse weather conditions that may cause damage to the structure of buildings
Solar Radiation, Rain & Wind
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List the 2 types of solar radiation that may cause damage to buildings
Photochemical reaction or Thermal movements
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How does solar radiation get absorbed by a building?
Solar Radiation is absorbed when it strikes a material.
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List 2 ways solar radiation can cause damage to a building
Dimensional Change & Tension Cracking
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How can dimensional change happen as a result of solar radiation?
As the material warms up it expands and then contracts as it cools off.
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How can tension cracking happen as a result of solar radiation?
Solar Radiation causes surfaces to heat up quickly. Rain falling on the heated surface can cause severe shock to the material and may result in tension cracking.
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List 4 ways rain and moisture can cause damage to a building
Rain driven by strong winds can erode & dissolve some soft materials, Water rising from damp ground into walls can cause flaking & cracking, Water freezing in the pores of materials can produce stresses, Moisture can promote corrosion of metals
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List 3 ways that wind can cause damage to buildings
Direct physical damage to the building, Dampness by driving moisture into the fabric of the building, Excessive heat losses from the interior of the building by uncontrolled air changes
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List 3 types of overload that can cause damage to a building
Dead Loads, Live Loads & Dynamic Loads
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What is meant by Dead Loads?
These include the materials of which the building is constructed i.e. columns, beams and floors which must support the other components of the building such as dividing walls and partitions as well as their own weight
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What is meant by Live Loads?
The building must support other weights such as People, Furniture, Equipment and Goods. These loads can be constantly moving & change day by day.
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What is meant by Dynamic Loads?
Loads that can change rapidly i.e. gust of wind
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How can Damage from Moving Plant cause damage to a building?
Struck by lorries or other construction, plant & equipment
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How can hot & corrosive atmospheres cause damage to a building?
Atmospheric contaminants include sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen & ozone. In the presence of moisture they contribute to the formation of acids that attack certain materials i.e. metals, concrete, cement & stone
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How does atmospheric corrosion occur?
A metal combines with oxygen in the air to form rust. The process is usually accompanied by expansion of the metal which can affect adjacent materials.
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How can vibration cause damage to a building?
Traffic, Machinery & Certain Processes can affect the foundations of buildings & structural members of the building. Weaknesses may occur not only in the structural members but also in jointing systems i.e. welds, bolts and adhesives
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List 3 things that can cause vibration?
Out of balance rotation, Friction between moving parts & Impacts and Percussion
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If a building is to have an additional storey added what must be done?
Foundations must be checked to assess whether they are capable of supporting the extra pressure. When structural members are under load they are under compression or tension and the removal of one of these could have major repercussions.
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List 4 things that may cause Subsidence?
Overloading, Water Content, Mines & Tunnels, Excavations
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How many water content cause subsidence?
If water content changes dramatically the nature of the soil will change. If water is removed by drying out, the soil will shrink. Conversely if water is added the soil will heave.
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What could cause subsidence by water content?
Weather, Designed removal of water to enable a basement or pit to be constructed or by the planting or removal of trees.
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How may mines or tunnels cause subsidence?
Structures which are built over mines are prone to subsidence when the mine is no longer worked & its roof collapses resulting in the ground level at the surface moving. This can sometimes be seen as a gradual wave across the surface of the ground.
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How may excavations cause subsidence?
Excavations in close proximity to structures can remove part of the load-bearing bulb of pressure which supports the foundations.The same effect can be observed when tunneling is carried out underneath the structure.
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List 5 characteristics of timber
Relatively light weight, Very good fire-resistant properties, Good in both compression & tension, Easily treated and easy to cut, Natural material weakened by natural sources such as grain, insects and rot.
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List 5 characteristics of concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregate and water, Concrete is good in compression but weak in tension, Deterioration can be the result of spalling, incorrect mix, wrong type of cement, reaction with hostile environment
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List 4 characteristics of steel?
High strength to weight ratio and can be produced in many forms, Extensively used as structural material, Structures can be rapidly erected and covered using steel, Can deteriorate in many ways i.e. corrosion, brittle fatigue, fatigue, creep, stress
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List 5 signs of structural damage
Sagging Roof, Bulging or cracked walls, Collapsed walls, Dampness, Corrosion on brickwork, Dry or wet rot, Gaps around window or door frames, Uneven floors
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List 5 things that structural failures can arise from?
Poor Design, Substandard Construction, Cutting Roof Beams, Puncturing Holes through Floors and Removal of Internal Walls
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How may poor design lead to structural failure?
When the design has not taken into account the loading of the structure, likely forces or circumstances which may increase the loading or, inappropriate materials of construction
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How may substandard construction lead to structural failure?
Poor quality materials or building methods that will not withstand the expected loading of the structure
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How may the cutting of roof beams lead to structural failure?
Weakens the supporting structure for the roof
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How many puncturing holes through floors lead to structural failure?
This will affect the integrity of the floor and both its load-bearing capacity and its contribution to the overall building structure.
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How may the removal of internal walls lead to structural failure?
The walls may be load-bearing walls supporting the floors and roof structure above.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

List 3 types of adverse weather conditions that may cause damage to the structure of buildings

Back

Solar Radiation, Rain & Wind

Card 3

Front

List the 2 types of solar radiation that may cause damage to buildings

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How does solar radiation get absorbed by a building?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

List 2 ways solar radiation can cause damage to a building

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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