Trying to Preserve Autocracy - Alexander III

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What was Alex III's personal character like?
He had a strong conservative outlook.
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What is different between Alex III and his father?
Alex III was more conservative in his approach to autocracy and wanted to reassert autocratic power.
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What was his reign characterised by?
Reactionary policies.
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How many members of the People's Will did Alexander arrest?
150
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Who was his conservative tutor that characterised his outlook?
Konstantin Pobedonostsev.
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When were Land Captains introduced?
1889 (changes to local gvt.)
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Who were Land Captains mainly?
Nobles
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What did the Land Captains do?
Had the right to override zemstva elections and disregard zemstva decisions.
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What year was the peasant vote reduced?
1980.
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Which members were removed from the zemstva?
Outspoken liberal members.
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What was a major change to policing?
A Department of Police was set up.
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Were Okhrana powers increased?
Yes.
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Was the number of police increased?
Yes.
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When were closed court sessions introduced?
1887
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What were closed court sessions?
Trials held in secret without juries.
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What did Land Captains have the ability to do in 1889?
Overturn the judgements of local courts.
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What else was done to ''reform'' the judiciary system?
Dismissal of judges.
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What censorship changes were there?
Dmitri Tolstoy introduced ''temporary regulations'' which allowed for newspapers etc. to be shut down and publishers/editors banned for life. Censors became more active.
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What changes to education were there?
Education became stricter - women were banned from university, student groups were monitored (no more than 5 students in a group), lower classes restricted to primary education.
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What was Pobedonostsev's creed?
''Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationality''
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What does Russification mean?
Imposing Russian language and culture on those who do not practice it.
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Which language was made the official language of Russia?
Russian
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What had to be conducted in Russian?
Court sessions and local gvt. meetings.
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When was the Finnish ''diet'' reorganised and why?
1892 - to give it less power.
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Since when were Jewish people confined to the Pale of Settlement?
1736.
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When were the anti-Jewish pogroms?
1881-1884.
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What did many Jews do to escape the violence?
Emigrated or joined revolutionary groups e.g Trotsky and Martov.
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When was Ivan Vyshnegradsky Finance Minister?
1887-1892.
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By how much were import tariffs increased by and why?
30% - in order to boost home production.
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When was the French loan?
1888.
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What else did Vyshnegradsky increase?
Indirect taxes and grain exports.
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What happened in 1891-92?
Famine (as a result of excess grain requisitioning).
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Why was Vyshnegradsky dismissed?
Because of the famine.
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Who was Vyshnegradsky's successor?
Sergei Witte (1892-1903).
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What did Witte increase investment in?
Mining, oil and banking.
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Did Witte encourage foreign investment?
Yes.
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Who did he encourage to oversee industrial developments?
European professionals, engineers etc.
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What railway is Witte responsible for?
Trans-Siberian Railway.
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When were Nobles' Land Banks introduced?
1882.
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When were Peasants' Land Banks introduced?
1885 - to facilitate land purchase.
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What did landowners often do?
Sell their land to pay off debts and then move to the cities to pursue better careers.
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Why did the peasants suffer so greatly?
They had too little land. There was a social divide between kulaks and ordinary peasants.
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What is a kulak?
A wealthy peasant.
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What was the average life expectancy in Russia compared to Britain?
28 in Russia, 45 in Britain.
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Between 1881 and 1891 by how much did grain exports increase by?
18%
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When was the Russian economy in surplus by?
1892.
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When were the factory reforms?
1882-90.
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What was included in these factory reforms?
Regulation of child labour, reduction in working hours (especially for women at night), factory inspectorate were appointed.
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When was the Ecclesiastical Commission set up?
1861 - to look into Church organisation and practice.
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Who was Over-Procurator of the Holy Synod?
Konstantin Pobedonostsev.
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What was introduced in 1868?
Reforms to improve the education of priests.
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How many Baltic people converted to Orthodoxy from Lutheranism?
37,000 people.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is different between Alex III and his father?

Back

Alex III was more conservative in his approach to autocracy and wanted to reassert autocratic power.

Card 3

Front

What was his reign characterised by?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How many members of the People's Will did Alexander arrest?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who was his conservative tutor that characterised his outlook?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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