____________ can become a more effective substitute for the private car where the system is reliable, efficient, clean and safe with a high degree of connectivity. True of many urban systems in e.g. France, Germany
Public transport
1 of 11
_______ is when demand exceeds supply on a given network at a given time period e.g. rush hours, school holidays etc.
Congestion
2 of 11
What is road pricing?
Road pricing is a system whereby road users pay a direct charge for the use they make of the road network - use of a stretch or road or access to a particular zone.
3 of 11
Road space - as congestion increases, the non-rivalry characteristic has been undermined - because one additional drivers use of the road will further restrict the use of others. Road space is ?
A quasi-public good
4 of 11
Road congestion contributes to air pollution, lack of traffic safety, waste of petrol, opportunity cost of sitting in traffic jams, cost to employers/ business time wasted could be spent producing products. Examples of?
Negative externalities
5 of 11
In practice, cars will contain __________ linked to a satellite which will monitor their location and direction.
Black boxes
6 of 11
Prices would start from as little as ____ a mile on rural country lanes. The maximum price would be _____ on busy motorways like the M25 at peak times.
2p, 1.34
7 of 11
Motorists should be charged for the externalities they create - the externalities should be ?
Internalised
8 of 11
What are the problems of road pricing?
High set up costs of introducing and controlling road pricing, opportunity cost of this, cars - highly price inelastic - substitutes unreliable, displacement of road traffic, external costs to third parties
9 of 11
Road pricing has been introduced in Singapore. In the first year, it saw a ____ fall in peak traffic, a reduction in the number of multiple trips in the charging zone and improved vehicle speeds.
16%
10 of 11
London Congestion Charge and Low Emission Zone whereby it has been estimated that congestion has been cut by around?
20%
11 of 11
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
_______ is when demand exceeds supply on a given network at a given time period e.g. rush hours, school holidays etc.
Back
Congestion
Card 3
Front
What is road pricing?
Back
Card 4
Front
Road space - as congestion increases, the non-rivalry characteristic has been undermined - because one additional drivers use of the road will further restrict the use of others. Road space is ?
Back
Card 5
Front
Road congestion contributes to air pollution, lack of traffic safety, waste of petrol, opportunity cost of sitting in traffic jams, cost to employers/ business time wasted could be spent producing products. Examples of?
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