Transport of gases
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- Created by: chloesrevising
- Created on: 27-02-22 14:58
What is blood
Aqueous medium that allows for gas exchange and delivery of molecules e.g. oxygen
Tissue suspended in plasma (90% water)
Tissue suspended in plasma (90% water)
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What dissolved materials are in plasma
soluble food molecules e.g. glucose
Hormones
Urea
Plasma proteins
Mineral ions and vitamins
Fibrinogen and antibodies
Hormones
Urea
Plasma proteins
Mineral ions and vitamins
Fibrinogen and antibodies
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What does plasma contain, transport and distribute
Digested food products
Hormones, antibodies and proteins
Heat round the body
Hormones, antibodies and proteins
Heat round the body
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What are the three types of blood cell
Leucocytes (white blood cells)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
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What two groups of immune cvells can leucocuytes be divided into
Granulocytes - have granular cytoplasm and lobed nuclei: engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
Agranulocytes - produce antibodies and antitoxins, clear cytoplasm, spherical nucleus
Agranulocytes - produce antibodies and antitoxins, clear cytoplasm, spherical nucleus
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What are thrombocytes involved in
blood clotting
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What are erythrocytes filled with
pigment hameglobin - Hb
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What three features do erythrocytes have that allow them to efficiently transport oxygen
biconcave - allows for increased SA for quick diffusion of O2
no nucleus - more room for haemglobin that combines with 02 for oxyhaemoglobin
flexible - cells can squeeze through capilarries reducing diffusion path
no nucleus - more room for haemglobin that combines with 02 for oxyhaemoglobin
flexible - cells can squeeze through capilarries reducing diffusion path
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What is haemoglobin's structure
Complex globular protein with quarternary structure
Consists of 4 folded polypeptide chains
At centre of each polypeptide is a Haem group that contains iron
Each heam group is binding site for one 02
Each haemglobin can bind to 4 02 forming oxyhaemoglobin
Consists of 4 folded polypeptide chains
At centre of each polypeptide is a Haem group that contains iron
Each heam group is binding site for one 02
Each haemglobin can bind to 4 02 forming oxyhaemoglobin
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Define affinity
Define saturation
Define saturation
The degree to which one molecule (hameglobin) is chemically attracted to another molecule (oxygen)
Percentage of oxygen bound to haemoglobin
Percentage of oxygen bound to haemoglobin
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Define association/loading
Define disociation/unloading
Define disociation/unloading
Uptake of 02 by haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin at lungs
Release of 02 at respiring tissues to form heamoglobin
Release of 02 at respiring tissues to form heamoglobin
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What is oxygen concentration measured by
What does this mean
What does this mean
Partial pressure (kPa)
pressure exerted by each component of a mixture
pressure exerted by each component of a mixture
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What happens when the partial pressure of 02 is high
What happens when the partial pressure of 02 is low
What happens when the partial pressure of 02 is low
hameglobin has high affinity for 02 so associates with hb to form oxyhaemglobin
hameglobin has low affinity for 02 so dissociates from oxyhaemglobin forming hb
hameglobin has low affinity for 02 so dissociates from oxyhaemglobin forming hb
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What does the oxygen disassociation curve show
the uptake of 02 by hameglobin at different partial pressures of 02
dotted line = theoretical situation in which rate of uptake was proportional to 02 conc
dotted line = theoretical situation in which rate of uptake was proportional to 02 conc
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What ways does the actual line on the curve differ to the theoretical line
hameglobin line is s shaped
hameglobin line more steep at 2-7 kPa
theoretical line shows no flattening
haemglobin line shoes higher saturation throughout
hameglobin line more steep at 2-7 kPa
theoretical line shows no flattening
haemglobin line shoes higher saturation throughout
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What is co-operative binding
ease with which a haemoglobin molecule binds with a second and then a third 02 molecule compared with the first and the fourth
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Describe and explain what is happening at the highest point on the curve
Hb's affinity for 02 is high at high partial pressures of 02
Hb loads oxygen in lungs where 02 partial pressure (pp02) is high
Hb becomes saturated with 02 forming oxyhaemoglobin
O2 transported in this form to respiring tissues e.g. muscles
Hb loads oxygen in lungs where 02 partial pressure (pp02) is high
Hb becomes saturated with 02 forming oxyhaemoglobin
O2 transported in this form to respiring tissues e.g. muscles
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Describe and explain what is happening at the midpoint of the curve
O2 affinity decreases as pp02 decreases
Readily released to meet respiratory demands
Very small reduction in pp02 leads to 02 unloading from oxyhaemglobin rapidly
Readily released to meet respiratory demands
Very small reduction in pp02 leads to 02 unloading from oxyhaemglobin rapidly
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Describe and explain what is happening on the lowest point of the curve
At very low pp02 it is hard for hb to load 02
In respiring tissues, pp02 is low because 02 is being used uo in aerobic respiration
02 unloads from oxyhaemglobin
In respiring tissues, pp02 is low because 02 is being used uo in aerobic respiration
02 unloads from oxyhaemglobin
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What does a pulse oximiter estimate
O2 saturation in your blood
sends infrared light into capillaries of finger
measures how much light is reflectes off gases
sends infrared light into capillaries of finger
measures how much light is reflectes off gases
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Why does a healthy persons reach 98/99% but not 100% on an oximiter
some 02 used by respiring cells of alveoli
rate of bloodflow through pulmonary capillaries too fast for all 02 to diffuse into blood
rate of bloodflow through pulmonary capillaries too fast for all 02 to diffuse into blood
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Describe the disociation curve for foetal hameglobin
shifted to left of the adult haemoglobin curve
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Why is this curve shifted to the left and what does this mean for the foetal hb
Higher affinity for oxygen so can load oxygen from mothers blood at all partial pressures of oxygen
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Why does a baby not retain it's foetal haemoglobin once it is born
Foetal Hb has higher oxygen affinity so not enough 02 would be released to adult's respiring tissue
When female has own children, adult needs it's hb to have lower affinity than what the foetal hb will have
When female has own children, adult needs it's hb to have lower affinity than what the foetal hb will have
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Describe the disasociation curve to represent the oxygen disociation of the llama and lugworm hb
Shifts to left
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How does the llamas environent affect the partial pressure of oxygen
Live at high altitude
With increase in altitude, there is a drop in atmospheric pressure so a reduction in partial pressure of oxygen (kPa)
With increase in altitude, there is a drop in atmospheric pressure so a reduction in partial pressure of oxygen (kPa)
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How is this compensated for by the llama
Lllamas haemglobin has higher affinity for oxygen so picks up oxygen more readily at the lungs
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Why do animals living at high altitudes also have more red blood cells
More hb so more oxygen can be loaded and transported
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What leads to athletes performing better e.g. running faster, when training at higher altitudes and competing at sea level
Train at high altitudes where the partial pressure is low
When aclimatised the body compensates for a lack of oxygen and creates more hb due to more red blood cells
More oxygen can be loaded and transported
When aclimatised the body compensates for a lack of oxygen and creates more hb due to more red blood cells
More oxygen can be loaded and transported
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What is the lugworm's environment and how do they cope with this resulting in the left shift of the curve
Burrows in sand on seashore and absorb oxygen from seawater they pump through burrows
Low oxygen conc of seawater so need higher affinity for 02 so that the hb can more readily take up 02
Low oxygen conc of seawater so need higher affinity for 02 so that the hb can more readily take up 02
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What is myoglobin and what does it act as
Tertiary structured protein more stable than haemoglobin
Oxygen store in muscle tissue
Oxygen store in muscle tissue
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What is the position of the myoglobin disasocciation curve
Very far to the left of hameglobin
Almost vertical at the start
Almost vertical at the start
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What is the difference in percentage oxygen saturation of myoglobin compared to haemglobin
Higher at every partial pressure of oxygen
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What happens to the oxygen of oxymoglobin if the oxygen partial pressure becomes very low
oxymyglobin unloads its oxygen
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What could cause the partial pressure of oxygen(pp02) to become very low
vigorous excercise
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What dissolved materials are in plasma
Back
soluble food molecules e.g. glucose
Hormones
Urea
Plasma proteins
Mineral ions and vitamins
Fibrinogen and antibodies
Hormones
Urea
Plasma proteins
Mineral ions and vitamins
Fibrinogen and antibodies
Card 3
Front
What does plasma contain, transport and distribute
Back
Card 4
Front
What are the three types of blood cell
Back
Card 5
Front
What two groups of immune cvells can leucocuytes be divided into
Back
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