Transport in mammals

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  • Created by: AIV17
  • Created on: 13-03-21 07:42
What is the circulatory system?
A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
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What is double circulation?
It consists of pulmonary system and systemic system. Blood passes through the heart twice
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Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?
The left side pumps it to systemic circulation
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Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?
The right side pumps it to pulmonary circulation
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What is the advantage of double circulation?
Blood flowing through capillaries in lungs regain pressure at the heart, travelling and providing cells faster and more often
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By which tube does blood flow to/from heart?
From the heart, the arteries. To the heart, the veins
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What all valves do?
Prevent backward blood flow
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How does relaxation take place?
The semilunar valves close while the atrioventricular valves open and the muscles of left-side atria relaxes
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What is atrial contraction?
Contraction of muscles of atria to squeeze blood into ventricles (relaxed)
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What is ventricular contraction?
Contraction of ventricles to force blood out through the semilunar valves into the arteries
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What are the main blood vessels to/from the heart?
Vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
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What are the main blood vessels to/from the lungs?
Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
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What are the main blood vessels to/from the kidney?
Renal artery and renal vein
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How is coronary heart disease caused?
The coronary arteries get blocked by blood clot or fat deposits, which may also cause cardiac arrest
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What are the possible risk factors for causing CHD?
Smoking, diet, obesity, stress and genes
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How does smoking contribute to CHD?
Several components of cigarettes damage the circulatory system.
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Which diet contributes to CHD?
High in salt, saturated fats or cholesterol; therefore it is better a diet with a wide variety, with some fat; and use oils from plants and fish
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How does stress contribute to CHD?
Hormones produced by stress can increase blood pressure, increasing the risk of a blockage
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How does genes contribute to CHD?
If several family members have had CHD, the person can also have it by genetic predisposition
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How do age and gender contribute to CHD?
The risk increases by age increase and men are more likely to develop CHD
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How is the rate of heart beat measured?
Taking pulse rate, which is caused by expansion/relaxation of an artery. Find it in artery close to skin surface
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What is the effect of exercise on heart rate?
It gets faster because their muscles use up O₂ more quickly in respiration to supply energy; blood is delivered faster
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What is the effect of exercise on pulse rate?
Increase of pH of blood by more CO₂ produced by respiration and dissolved in blood. A weak acid is formed and lowers pH. Receptor cells detect it and send more impulses to pacemaker
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What is the pacemaker?
Patch of muscle in the right atrium that sends signals through walls of the heart at regular intervals for the muscle to contract/relax
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What are the characteristics of arteries?
Carry oxygenated blood at high pressure away from the heart and flows fast, have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres, have a narrow lumen
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How the structures of arteries are adapted to their function?
Thick muscular walls with elastic fibres withstand high pressure of blood and maintain the blood pressure, and a narrow lumen to maintain high pressure
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What are the characteristics of veins?
Carry deoxygenated blood at low pressure towards the heart and flows slowly, have thin walls, a large lumen and valves
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How the structures of veins are adapted to their function?
Have a large lumen as blood pressure is low
and valves prevent the backflow of blood as it is under low pressure
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What are the characteristics of capillaries?
Carry oxygenated (for cells) and deoxygenated (waste) blood at low pressure within tissues at a slow speed and 1 cell-thick wall and one red cell-thick lumen
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How the structures of capillaries are adapted to their function?
Very thin wall and lumen to bring blood near body tissues
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What are the components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
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What are the functions of plasma?
Liquid so cells and platelets can flow; transports CO₂, nutrients and hormones in solution; transports heat and antibodies
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What is the shape and what are the functions of red cells?
Doughnut-shaped with no nucleus. Transport O₂ and small amount of CO₂
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What is the shape and what are the functions of white cells?
Large and has nucleus. Engulf and destroy pathogens, and make antibodies
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What are the functions of platelets?
Help in blood clotting
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is double circulation?

Back

It consists of pulmonary system and systemic system. Blood passes through the heart twice

Card 3

Front

Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the advantage of double circulation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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