Transport in animals

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  • Created by: Esme.B
  • Created on: 27-03-18 13:16
x3 factors affects the need for a transport system?
Size, metabolic rate + surface area to volume ratio
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Single circulatory system?
Blood flows through the heart once every time it goes around the body
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Example of a Single circulatory system?
Fish (heart-grills-body-heart)
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Double circulatory system?
Blood flows through the heart twice for every circuit around the body.
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Example of a Double circulatory system?
Mammals (body-heart-lungs-heart-body)
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What are the x2 separate circuits in a Double circulatory system?
Pulmonary circulation + Systemic circulation
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Pulmonary circulation?
Circuit that carries blood to lungs to take up oxygen
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Systemic circulation?
Circuit that carries oxygen + nutrients around the body to the tissues
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Open circulatory system?
Insects
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X5 features of a Open circulatory system?
1)No separate tissue fluid. 2)blood circulates around organs+Cells .3)Pressure cannot be raised to help circulation. 4)Circulation affected by body movements.5) oxygenated+deoxygenated blood mix freely.
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Closed circulatory system?
Fish + Mammals
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X5 features of a Closed circulatory system?
1) blood is kept in vessels. 2)pressure can be maintained 3)Pressure can be higher 4)flow can be faster 5)Flow can be directed to certain tissues or organs
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Endothelium?
Thin layer od cells that line all blood vessels
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Arterioles?
1). Small arteries with a spiral layer of smooth muscle. + 2). disturbed blood from the arteries to the capillaries and can be constricted to reduce blood flow.
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Venules?
Small veins that collect the blood from the capillaries and lead into the veins
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Arteries?
1). Transports blood away from the heart. 2) Thick wall 3) High blood pressure 4) No presence of valves 5) Pressure created by the heart, maintained by recoil of elastic tissue causes the flow
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Arteries- Components of wall?
1). Endothelium lining 2). surrounded by thick middle layer of elastic tissue + smooth muscle. 3). Thick outer layer rich in collagen
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Veins?
1). Transport the blood back to the heart 2). Thin wall 3). Low blood pressure 4). yes presence of valves 5). Squeezing action go body muscles and valves to ensure correct direction causes the flow
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Veins-Components of wall?
1). Endothelium lining 2). surrounded by thin middle layer of elastic tissue + smooth muscle 3). Thin outer layer containing collagen
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Capillaries?
1) Enable the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue fluid 2). Very thin (one cell thick wall. 3). Low blood pressure 4). No presence of valves 5) pressure from action of the heart causes flow.
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Capillaries- Components of wall?
One layer of endothelium cells.
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Capillaries- Components of wall?
One layer of endothelium cells.
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What does Blood consist of ?
1) Water- based plasma containing dissolved substances 2). RBC's- erythrocytes (Carrying O2) 3). WBC's-phagocytes (i.e- neutrophils + lymphocytes) 4). Platelets
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Give some examples of Water- based plasma containing dissolved substances?
1). Glucose, a.a, lipoproteins, CO2,(most transported as a bicarbonate ions) 2). waste products; urea, hormones, antibodies and plasma protein
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What's ' Tissue fluid'?
1). surrounds the body cells 2). It's the plasma that has been filtered out of the blood; contains all of the dissolved elements of the blood expect the cells , platelets and plasma proteins (too large to pass out the blood vessels).
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Why may there be some Phagocytic and neutrophils in tissue fluid?
As they can change shape to squeeze out of the blood vessels.
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Is tissue fluid blood?
Tissue fluid is blood that DOES NOT contain blood cells or plasma proteins but does contain the dissolved components.
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Formation of 'Tissue fluid'?
Walls of the capillaries are a single layer of endothelium cells. Fluid and dissolved substances in the fluid can squeeze between endothelium cells
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What X2 forces is the fluid acted upon?
1) Hydrostatic pressure 2). Oncotic pressure
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Hydrostatic pressure?
Pressure a fluid exerts on the sides of a vessel
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Oncotic pressure?
Osmotic pressure created by dissolved substances such as proteins.
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Hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid?
Gradient between the blood and the tissue fluid. Pushes fluid out of the capillary.
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Oncotic pressure in tissue fluid?
Gradient between the blood and tissue fluid. Moves fluid into the blood because the water potential of the blood is lower than water potential of the tissue fluid.
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What is 'Lymph'?
1). Excess tissue fluid that is NOT returned to the blood vessel. 2). Drained into the lymph vessels.
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'Lymph vessels'?
Carry the fluid back to the circulatory system by a different route.
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What do 'Lymph' contain?
1). Same substances as tissue fluid , LESS oxygen + glucose as these have been used by cells. 2). Lymphocytes produced in lymph nodes present.
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What kind of pump is the 'Mammalian heart'?
Muscular pump.
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What X2 sides is the Muscular pump divided into ?
Right side: Deoxygenated blood (to the lungs to be oxygenated). Left side: Oxygenated blood (Rest of the body).
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Deoxygenated blood?
Transports less oxygen and more carbon dioxide than oxygenated blood.
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Oxygenated blood?
Transports Oxygen to the organs.
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Function of 'Coronary arteries'?
Carry Oxygenated blood to the heart muscles itself.
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What happens if Arteries become constricted?
1) Blood flow to the heart muscles is restricted, reduce delivery of oxygen + nutrients(i.e; fatty acids + glucose). 2). Cause a heart attack
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Function of the 'veins', near the top of the heart?
Carry blood into the heart and the arteries that carry blood out of the heart.
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What X4 chambers is the heart divided into?
x2 atria and x2 ventricles
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Function of the 'Atria'?
The small chambers at the top of the heart, which collects blood from the main veins.b
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Walls of the 'Atria'?
1). Very thin as they do not need to create much pressure. 2). Blood flows through atria into ventricles.
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Function of the 'Ventricles'?
1) The larger lower chambers 2). Thick walls to pump the blood out go the heart.
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How many times thicker is the left ventricle than the right ventricle?
two or three times.
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Whats the typically measure pressure created by the left ventricle?
110-120 mmHg
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'Septum'?
The muscle that separates the two ventricles.
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Function of the 'Septum'?
Ensuring the oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart and deoxygenated blood in the right side are kept separate.
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'Cardiac cycle'?
The series of events in one heart beat
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'Atrioventricular valves' ?
lay between the atria and the ventricles.
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'Semilunar valves'?
Lay at the entrance to the main arteries
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Which parts of the heart contracts during 'The cardiac cycle'?
Walls of the atria + Ventricles.
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On a graph showing 'The cardiac cycle' what does it mean when one line crosses another?
Where the pressure in one chamber rises above that in another chamber, causing a valve to open or close.
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What's an ECG?
Electrocardiodiogram- recording the electrical activity of the heart
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'Wave P' ?
Excitation of the atria
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'Wave QRS'?
Excitation of the ventricles
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'Wave T'?
Ensuring the muscles have time to rest
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How can abnormal heart activity be identified?
By an abnormal ECG trace- waves are smaller, inverted or further apart.
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'Haemoglobin'?
The red pigment that transports oxygen
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'Oxyhaemoglobin'?
The product that is formed when oxygen from the lungs combine with haemoglobin in the blood.
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What is 'Haemoglobin'?
1) Complex protein with x4 subunits. 2). Each subunit contains harm group that contains a single iron ion (Fe2+). 3). Each subunit attracts and holds x1 Oxygen molecule
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Haem group of 'Haemoglobin'?
1). Haem group has an affinity (attraction to) oxygen 2). Haemoglobin attracts and holds the oxygen 3) Each Haem group holds one oxygen molecule- each 'haemoglobin' molecule can carry x4 oxygen molecules.
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How many Oxygen's can one 'Haemoglobin' molecule carry?
Each Haemoglobin' molecule can carry four oxygen
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'Partial pressure' of oxygen?
1). 'Haemoglobin' has a high affinity for oxygen. 2). amount it take up is the amount of oxygen in surrounding tissues this is measured by 'Partial pressure' of oxygen (pO2) or oxygen tension.
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'Partial pressure' of oxygen?
measurement of the amount of oxygen in surrounding tissues
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What happens at low 'Partial pressure'?
1). Haemoglobin does not readily take up O2 molecules 2). Haem groups hidden at the centre of Haemoglobin molecule- makes it difficult for O2 to associate. 3) Low saturation level of Haemoglobin at low pO2.
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What happens at high 'Partial pressure'?
1) x1 Oxygen molecule succeeds in associating with one of the ahem groups. 2). Causes conformational change in shape of haemoglobin molecules- allows o2 to associate more easily. 3). steepness of curve as pO2 rises.
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In body tissue what do cells need oxygen for?
Aerobic respiration - Oxyhaemoglobin realises this oxygen.
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'Dissociation curve'?
The release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin.
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'Fetal haemoglobin' ?
1). modified form of 'haemoglobin' found in fetes. 2). has a high affinity than adult haemoglobin. 3) located in Placenta
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What happens as the fatal haemoglobin absorbs oxygen?
It reduces the oxygen tension near the blood, making the maternal haemoglobin release oxygen.
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Where would the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve for fatal haemoglobin be located?
left of curve of adult haemoglobin.
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X3 ways Co2 is transported in the blood?
1) Hydrogencarbonate ions(HCO3-) in plasma (85%) 2). combined directly to haemoglobin to form a compound= Carbaminohaemoglobin (10%) 3). Dissolved directly in plasma (5%)
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