Topic 7-1750 to 1900

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why had they stopped reading Galen in the Nineteenth century?
New understanding of the body and Galen's descriptions were incomplete and sometimes wrong. Theory of the four humours were no longer accepted. People initially thought that Miasma caused disease. Galen's book were no longer important.
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Smallpox and Edward Jenner-Inoculation.
In the 18th century,smallpox was a big killer.Mary Wortely sought inoculation to Britain. She discovered that a healthy person could be immunised against smallpox using pus from the sores of a sufferer with a mild form of the disease.
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Who was Edward Jenner?
Jenner was a country doctor.He heard that milkmaids didn't get smallpox but instead cowpox.Jenner investigated it and discovered that people with cowpox didn't get smallpox.
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What were the opposition to the smallpox vaccination?
Jenner couldn't explain how it worked. Inoculators were afraid to lose money.Many worried about side effects they were too scared that they would get more diseased than before.
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How did scientist discover the causes of disease? Louis Pasteur's germ theory-1857
Scientists thought microbes were cause by disease and appeared because of illness. Pasteur was employed to find the explanation for the souring of a sugar beet used in fermenting alcohol.
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Who was Robert Koch?
German scientist. He began linking diseases to the microbes that cause that specific disease.He identified that anthrax spores and the bacteria that cause septicaemia,tuberculosis and cholera.
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Louis Pasteur-Chicken cholera vaccine
Hearing of Koch’s, Pasteur came out of retirement and competed to find new microbes and combat them.Pasteur looked for cures to anthrax and chicken cholera. Both he and Koch worked with large teams of scientists. Charles Chamberland was in Pasteur'
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Louis Pasteur-Anthrax vaccine.
Pasteur’s team managed to produce a weakened version of the anthrax spore that would make sheep immune to the disease. They demonstrated this in a public experiment.
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Reasons of opposition to anesthetics?
They were uncomfortable for patients.  Some doctors believed that pain was good for healing.  People didn’t understand how they worked.  Didn’t understand the side effects that new substances could have on the body.
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How was the problem of infection overcome?
Until germ theory in the 1850s, surgeons didn’t take precautions to protect open wounds. They reused bandages, didn’t wash their hands before operations and didn’t sterilise surgical equipment. Joseph Lister and the discovery of antiseptics
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Reasons for opposition to Lister?
Lister’s methods slowed down surgery.The spray was uncomfortable for doctors to use, it affected their skin.Pasteur’s germ theory was not widely accepted in 1857.Surgeons did not copy his methods correctly and were therefore disappointed with the res
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How was the problem of bleeding overcome?
Once William Harvey had discovered the circulation of the blood,the first blood transfusions were attempted.Early blood transfusions often ended badly because Blood groups had not been discovered.They could not prevent the blood from clotting.
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What were the public health problems in the early 1800s?
Houses were built as close together as possible as more people crowded into factory towns to work.Towns could not cope with the need to provide people with water and sewage disposal facilities.In these squalid conditions, diseases spread easily.
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How did they improve public health?
Some thought that the government should force local councils to clean up their towns.However, many believed that the government shouldn’t interfere this attitude is called laissez-faire.
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Who is Edwin Chadwick?
In 1842 he was asked by the government to report on the living conditions and health of the poor. Chadwick concluded that poverty was caused by ill health which was caused by the terrible conditions in which people lived.
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Card 2

Front

Smallpox and Edward Jenner-Inoculation.

Back

In the 18th century,smallpox was a big killer.Mary Wortely sought inoculation to Britain. She discovered that a healthy person could be immunised against smallpox using pus from the sores of a sufferer with a mild form of the disease.

Card 3

Front

Who was Edward Jenner?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What were the opposition to the smallpox vaccination?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How did scientist discover the causes of disease? Louis Pasteur's germ theory-1857

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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