Topic 6

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  • Created by: elphenya
  • Created on: 06-12-23 15:33
Allele :
Version of a gene
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Adult cell cloning:
A type of cloning that forms an embryo from an adult body cell.
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Amino acids:
Small molecules from which proteins are assembled.
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Archaea:
Primitive bacteria existing in extreme environments.
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Asexual reproduction:
A form of reproduction involving a single parent. Creates genetically
identical offspring.
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Binomial system:
The universal system of naming organisms using their genus and
species.
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Charles Darwin:
The scientist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
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Chromosome:
A long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information in the form of
genes.
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Classification:
The organisation of organisms into groups based on their characteristics and
structure.
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Coding DNA:
A sequence of DNA that codes for the production of a protein
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Complementary:
Describes how the chemical bases in DNA pair up with each other. A
pairs with T and C pairs with G.
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Cuttings:
The simplest method of cloning plants. A branch is cut from a parent plant and
replanted in compost after removing the lower leaves.
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Cystic fibrosis:
A cellular membrane disorder resulting from the presence of a recessive
allele.
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DNA:
A double-stranded polymer wound to form a double helix. Carries the genetic code.
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Dominant:
Describes an allele that is always expressed. Represented by a capital letter
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Embryo screening:
A procedure used to determine the presence of faulty genes in an
embryo produced by IVF. A few embryonic cells are removed and screened for defective
alleles.
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Embryo transplants:
The simplest method of animal cloning. Cells are removed from a
developing embryo, split apart and grown in culture, before being transplanted into host
mothers.
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Embryo transplants:
The simplest method of animal cloning. Cells are removed from a
developing embryo, split apart and grown in culture, before being transplanted into host
mothers.
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Evolution:
The gradual change in the inherited traits within a population over time. Occurs
due to natural selection.
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Evolutionary tree:
A diagram which illustrates the evolutionary relationships between
organisms.
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Extinction:
The death of all members of a species
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Family tree:
A chart used to show the inheritance of a condition in a family.
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Fertilisation:
The fusion of the nucleus of male and female gametes. Restores the full
chromosome number
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Fossil:
The remains of dead organisms found in rocks which are millions of years old.
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Gametes:
Sex cells (sperm and egg cells) with half the usual number of chromosomes.
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Gene:
A section of DNA that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids which undergo
polymerisation to form a protein.
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Genetic engineering:
The modification of the genome of an organism by the insertion of a
desired gene from another organism, enabling the formation of organisms with beneficial
characteristics
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Genome:
The complete genetic material of an organism
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Genotype:
An organism’s genetic composition. Describes all alleles.
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GM crops:
Crops that have had their genomes modified by the insertion of a desired gene
from another organism.
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Heterozygous:
Heterozygous: When someone has two different alleles of a gene e.g. Ff.
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Homozygous:
When someone has two identical alleles of a gene e.g. ff.
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Inbreeding:
The formation of offspring from the breeding of closely related individuals.
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Linnaean system:
The classification of organisms into kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus and species, as developed by Carl Linnaeus.
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Meiosis:
A form of cell division that produces gametes, non-identical cells with half the usual
number of chromosomes.
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Mitosis:
A form of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells (with a
full set of chromosomes) from one parent cell.
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MRSA:
A type of bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic, methicillin.
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Mutation:
A random change in DNA which may result in genetic variants.
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Natural selection:
The process by which the frequency of advantageous traits passed on in
genes gradually increases in a population over time.
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Non-coding DNA:
DNA which does not code for a protein but instead controls gene
expression.
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Nucleotide:
The monomers of DNA consisting of a common sugar, a phosphate group and
one of four chemical bases (A, T, C, G) attached to the sugar.
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Phenotype:
An organism’s observable characteristics. Due to interactions of the genotype
and the environment.
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Polydactyly:
A condition where an individual is born with extra fingers or toes due to the
presence of a dominant allele.
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Protein synthesis:
The formation of a protein from a gene.
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Punnett square: A grid used to predict the potential outcomes of a genetic cross.
Punnett square: A grid used to predict the potential outcomes of a genetic cross.
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Recessive:
Describes an allele that is only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele.
Represented by a small letter.
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Ribosomes:
Sub-cellular structures where protein synthesis takes place.
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Selective breeding:
The process by which humans artificially select organisms with
desirable characteristics and breed them to produce offspring with desirable phenotypes.
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Sex chromosomes:
A pair of chromosomes responsible for the determination of gender. XY
in males. ** in females.
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Sexual reproduction:
A form of reproduction involving the fusion of male and female
gametes. Creates genetic variation.
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Speciation:
The formation of new species in the course of evolution, often due to the
evolution of two isolated populations.
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Species:
A group of similar organisms that are able to breed with one another to produce
fertile offspring.
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Three-domain system:
A method of classification in which organisms are categorised into
three groups; Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota. Developed by Carl Woese.
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Tissue culture:
A method of growing living tissue or cells in a suitable medium to produce
clone plants.
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Variation:
The differences between individuals due to genes, the environment or a
combination of both.
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Vector:
A carrier used to transfer a gene from one organism to another.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Adult cell cloning:

Back

A type of cloning that forms an embryo from an adult body cell.

Card 3

Front

Amino acids:

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Archaea:

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Asexual reproduction:

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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