A scientist that came up with the idea of natural selection, independently of Darwin. Although his proposed mechanism differed, his observations provided further evidence to support the theory.
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Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Bacteria that mutate to become resistant to an antibiotic, survive and reproduce very rapidly, passing on their antibiotic resistance.
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Archaea
One of the three domains. It consists of primitive bacteria existing in extreme environments.
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Ardi
A 4.4 million-year-old female hominid fossil that shows phenotypic traits encompassing characteristics of both human and apes.
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Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt)
A soil-borne bacterium which secretes a toxin that kills insect larvae. The gene for toxin production in Bt can be introduced into the DNA of crop plants to provide insect resistance.
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Bacteria
One of the three domains that consists of true bacteria.
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Biological Control
The introduction of a new organism (often a predator) into an ecosystem to control a pest or pathogen.
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Carbon-14-Dating
Estimating the age of carbon-containing material that is found in or alongside archaeological remains in order to determine their age.
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Charles Darwin
The scientist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
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Classification
The organisation of organisms into groups based on their characteristics and structure.
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Competition
When different organisms compete for the same resources in an ecosystem. This limits population size and stimulates evolutionary change.
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Eukarya
One of the three domains that consists of all eukaryotic organisms.
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Evolution
The gradual change in the inherited traits within a population over time. Occurs due to natural selection.
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Fertilisers
Natural or artificial materials that are added to soils to provide essential nutrients and improve plant growth.
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Five Kingdom Classification System
The classification for organisms into five major kingdoms: Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Prokaryotae and Protoctista.
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Fossils
The remains of dead organisms found in rocks which are millions of years old.
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Genetically Modified (GM) Organism
An organism that has had its genome altered.
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Genetic Engineering
The modification of the genome of an organism by the insertion of a desired gene from another organism, enabling the formation of organisms with beneficial characteristics
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Genome
The complete genetic material of an organism.
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Ligase (H)
An enzyme that joins the sticky ends of the DNA and vector DNA forming recombinant DNA.
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Lucy
A 3.2 million-year-old female hominid fossil exhibiting more human-like phenotypic traits that 'Ardi'.
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Mutation
A random change in the base sequence of DNA which may result in genetic variants. Mutations may be beneficial, damaging, or neutral.
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Natural Selection
The process by which the frequency of advantageous traits passed on in genes gradually increases in a population over time.
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Pentadactyl Limb
A limb with five digits present in animals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. It provides evidence for the evidence for the evolution of species from a common ancestor.
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Recombinant DNA (H)
A combination of DNA from two different organisms.
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Restriction Enzymes (H)
Enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific sequences, creating sticky ends.
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Richard Leakey
A scientist that discovered many hominid fossils on an expedition to Kenya, including the 1.6 million-year-olds fossil 'Turkana Boy' which showed traits comparable to that of modern-day humans.
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Selection Pressures
Environmental factors that drive evolution by natural selection and limit population size.
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Sticky Ends (H)
The staggered cut formed by restriction enzymes in double-stranded DNA.
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Stratigraphy
Using the age of the layers of sediment surrounding archaeological remains to estimate the age of the remains.
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Taxonomy
The classification of organisms into taxa: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
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Three-Domain System
A method of classification which organisms are categorised into these groups: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Developed by Carl Woese.
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Tissue Culture
A method of growing living tissue or cells in a suitable medium to produce clone plants.
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Vector (H)
A carrier used to transfer a gene from one organism.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Back
Bacteria that mutate to become resistant to an antibiotic, survive and reproduce very rapidly, passing on their antibiotic resistance.
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