BIOLOGY

HOW DOES DNA CARRY THE GENETIC CODE

THERE ARE SHORTER SECTIONS OF DIFFERENT GENES WITHIN EACH DNA MOLECULE, EACH GENE HAS CODED GENETIC INFORMATION, THIS GENETIC CODE IS FORMED BY THE SEQUENCE OF BASE PAIRS IN A PARTICULAR LENGTH OF DNA.

1 of 77

HOW DOES THE GENETIC CODE CONTROL CELL ACTIVITY

OUR GENETIC CODE CONTROLS HOW ENZYMES ARE MADE IN YOUR CELLS.ENZYMES CONROL ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT GO IN OUR CELLS.AS A RESULT THE GENETICI CODE CONTROLS ALL CELL ACTIVITY AND CONTROLS MOST OF OUR CHARACTERISTICS

2 of 77

HOW DID WATSON AND CRICK USE DATA FROM THE WORK OF OTHER SCIENTIST TO BUILD THEIR MODEL OF DNA

ROSALIND FRANKLIN OBTAINED X-RAY DATA WHICH SHOWED A DNA MOLECULE CONSISTED OF TWO CHAINS WOUND IN A DOUBLE HELIX.WATSON AND CRICK USED HER DATA TO BUILD THEIR MOLECULE OF DNA- A DOUBLE HELIX WITH PAIRS OF BASES FORMING CROSS LINKS.

3 of 77

WHY IS THERE A TIME DELAY BETWEEN A SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY AND ANY REWARD, SUCH AS THE NOBAL PRIZE.

-OTHER SCIENTIST HAVE TO REPEAT AND VERIFY IT.-IT IS NOT ALWAYS CLEAR, STRAIGHT AWAY HOW IMPORTANT OR USEFUL THE DISCOVERY IS

4 of 77

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF mRNA

GOES TO THE RIBOSONE + GOVERNS HOW THE AMINO ACIDS ARE ASSEMBLED INTO A PROTEIN.

5 of 77

WHAT ARE COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING

The complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a backup copy of all genetic information encoded within double-stranded DNA. A PAIRS WITH T, G PAIRS WITH C

6 of 77

WHAT DETERMINES HOW A PROTEIN WILL FOLD UP INTO A PARTICULAR SHAPE?

THE SHAPE OF A PROTEIN MOLECULE ENABLES THE PROTEIN TO CARRY OUT ITS PARTICULAR FUNCTION

7 of 77

HOW DOES GENES CONTROL CELL FUNCTION

THE CHARACTERISTISTS THAT WE INHERIT INVOLVE PROTEINS. THESE CHARACTERISTICS MAY RELY ON THE HELP OF ENZYMES + HORMONES TO DEVELOP. OUR CELLS WILL NOT FUNCTION WITHOUT PROTEINS SUCH AS ENZYMES.

8 of 77

A PROTEIN MADE IN RED BLOOD CELLS, NOT IN THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS.

HAEMOGLOBIN.CARRYS OXYGEN FROM OUR LUNGS TO OUR RESPIRING CELLS. (A CARRIER PROTEIN)

9 of 77

A PROTEIN ONLY MADE IN CELLS OF THE PANCREAS

PROTEIN HORMONE MADE IN THE PANCREAS, IT TRAVELS IN THE BLOOD STREAM TO THE TARGET ORGANS (OUR MUSCLES AND LIVERS). IT REGULATES OUR BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL.

10 of 77

HOW DOES SWITCHING ON AND OFF OF GENES LEAD TO CELLS BECOMING SPECIALISED FOR THEIR DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS.

Cells become specialised because the genes that are not required are switched off. Only the genes needed to make a particular type of cell work are switched on.

11 of 77

TWO CONDITIONS ENZYMES NEED TO WORK BEST

1) HIGH TEMPERATURE. 2) OPTIMUM PH

12 of 77

HOW WILL INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE FROM 10 DEGREES TO 25 DEGREES MAKE THE (ROR) INCREASE

THE ENZYME + SUNSTRATE MOLECULES MOVE MORE QUICKLY AND COLLIDE OFTEN.

13 of 77

HOW WILL INCREASING THE TEMP. TO 60 DEGREES MAKE THE ROR SLOW DOWN AND EVENTUALLY STOP

1) THE SHAPE OF THE ACTIVE SITE CHANGES. 2) SUBSTRATE MOLECULES CAN NO LONGER FIT INTO THE ACTIVE SITE. 3)THE ROR SLOWS THEN EVENTUALLY STOPS

14 of 77

WHY DOES ARE BLOOD PH NEED TO BE KEPT VERY CLOSE TO 7.2

1) THE SHAPE OF THE ACTIVE SITE CHANGES 2) SUBSTRATE MOLECULES CANNOT FIT INTO IT. 3) THE ENZYME IS DENATURED

15 of 77

3 DISEASES CAUSED BY MUTATION

1) CANCER.2) SICLE CELL ANAEMIA. 3) CYSTIC FIBROSIS

16 of 77

WHY MUTATION TO PRODUCE PALE SKIN IN HUMANS IS USEFUL

ALLOWS THEIR SKIN TO MAKE VITAMIN D, THE WEAKER SUNCLIGHT CAN PENETRATE THEIR PALER SKIN. EARLY HUMANS WITH THE MUTATION COULD LIVE IN HIGH TEMPERATURE REGIONS WITHOUT GETTING RICKETS.

17 of 77

WHY DO ANIMALS REQUIRE ENERGY FOR MOVEMENT?

ENERGY IS USED TO BUILD LARGE MOLECULES FROM SMALLER ONES.MUSCLE CONTRACTION NEED ENERGY AND CAUSES MOVEMENT.

18 of 77

WHAT PROCESS IN CELLS RELEASES ENERGY FROM FOOD?

RESPIRATION (RELEASES ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE MOLECULES)

19 of 77

WHY CAN BIRDS AND MAMMALS BE ACTIVE AT NIGHT WHEN ITS COLD

A LOT OF ENERGY FROM THE FOOD THEY EAT IS RELEASED AS HEAT ENERGY

20 of 77

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

AEROBIC RESPIRATION USES OXYGEN. (IT HAPPENS CONTINUOUSLY IN THE CELLS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS).ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION TAKE SPLACE WITHOUT OXYGEN. (IT HAPPENS WHEN CELLS ARE NOT GETTING ENOUGH OXYGEN)

21 of 77

ON A COLD NIGHT IN WINTER, A ROBIN WILL LOSE A QUARTER OF ITS BODY MASS, WHY DO THINK THIS IS?

a lot of energy from food, is relased as heat energy, to keep the body temeprature regular.

22 of 77

EXPLAIN WHY YOUR BREATHING RATE INCREASES WHEN YOU CYCLE HARD

our muscles need more energy so our rate of respiration increases

23 of 77

WHY DO OUR MUSCLES CELLS USE ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION AS WELL AS AEROBIC RESPIRATION WHEN YOU START TO RUN FAST?

to make up for the shortfall in energy release,

24 of 77

WHICH PROVIDES MORE ENERGY FOR EACH MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE USED, ANAEROBIC OR AEROBIC RESPIRATION?

anaerobic- molecules of lucose can quickly be partly broken down

25 of 77

HOW WILL LACTIC ACID AFFECT THE PH OF YOUR BLOOD

increased lactic acid from anaerobic respiration lowers the PH

26 of 77

WHAT CAUSES MUSCLE FATIGUE?

when the PH is lowered by the increase in lactic acid, our enzyme activity is reduced which reduces the rate of respiration causing are muscles to become fatigue.

27 of 77

WHY DO YOU THINK AN ATHLETES HEART RATE AND BREATHING RATE STAY HIGH AFTER SEVERAL MINUTES AFTER A 100M SPRINT

the blood can quickly carry lactic acid to the liver, they continue to pant to breathe in extra oxygen to deal with lactic acid in the liver

28 of 77

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES TO AN ORGANISM BEING MULTICELLULAR

organism can be larger and ahve differnt types of cells that do different types of jobs and can be more complex

29 of 77

EXPLAIN WHY A CELLS GENETIC MATERIAL HAS TO BE COPIED BEFORE IT DIVIDES BY MITOSIS

so that each cell has a complete set of genetic material

30 of 77

WHAT IS DNA REPLICATION?

cell divides, each molecule copies itself

31 of 77

EXPLAIN WHY MITOSIS IS USED FOR ASEXUAL DIVISION?

the cells produced by asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent cell, they have the same alleles as parents

32 of 77

HOW IS MITOSIS USED IN MATURE PLANTS AND ANIMALS?

mature plants have areas where they grow i.e. roots, shoot tips, the new cells made in these areas by mitosis can differenciate into many different types of plant cells

33 of 77

EXPLAIN HOW MITOSIS HAPPENS

once each chromosome makes a copie of it self, the dublicated chromosomes line up across the centre of the cell, 2) each double chromosome splits into its two identical copies, 3) each copy moves to opposite ends of the cell,

34 of 77

EXPLAIN HOW MITOSIS HAPPENS

4) Two new nuclei form, each with a fall set of chromosomes, 5) The cell divides into two genetically identical cells.

35 of 77

HOW ARE GAMETES DIFFERENT FROM BODY CELLS?

they're made from a different type of cell division called meiosis

36 of 77

DESCRIBE HOW MALE GAMETES ARE ADAPTED TO THEIR FUNCTION?

1) small + have a tail so they can swim to the egg cell, 2) Have a nucleus to carryt their genetic material, 3) Have many mitochondriato provide a lot of energy, 4) Have acromosomes that releases enzyme to digest egg membrane

37 of 77

DESCRIBE HOW FEMALE GAMETES ARE ADAPTED TO THEIR FUNCTION?

1) large + contains lots of stored food, 2) Have a nucleus to carry their genetic materia, 3) Are produced in small numbers

38 of 77

WHY DO SPERM CELLS NEED A LOT OF ENERGY?

to swin fast for the eggs for fertilization

39 of 77

BY WHAT PROCESS WILL THE MITOCHONDRIA IN SPERM PROVIDE ENERGY?

glycolosis

40 of 77

WHAT IS FERTILISATION?

the joining of two gametes

41 of 77

WHAT ARE HAPLOID?

cells made by meiosis

42 of 77

WHAT DOES THE TERM DIPLOID MEAN?

a cell taht has a nucleus with two sets of chromosomes; a body cell

43 of 77

WHAT DOES THE TERM ZYGOTE MEAN?

diploid cell resulting from the fusion of an egg and a sperm.

44 of 77

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS?

helps to defend us against diseases, some ingest bacteria/viruses, makes antibodies to fight bacteria, makes antitoxins to neutralise toxins produced by bacteria

45 of 77

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF PLATELETS

helps our blood to clot when you cut yourself, this stops us from bleeding and prevents bacteria from entering the wound.

46 of 77

IN YOUR LUNGS WHAT HAPPENS TO THE HAEMOGLOBIN IN YOUR RED BLOOD CELLS

reacts with oxygen and forms oxyhaemoglobin, at repriring tissues the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down to haelmoglobin and oxygen. the oxygen is delivered to the respirng cells

47 of 77

WHERE IS THE TRISCUPID VALVE LOCATED AND WHAT IS ITS FUNCTION?

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, it prevents the back flow of blood as it pumps to the right atrium to the right ventricle

48 of 77

WHAT ARE THE SEMILUNAR VALVES? WHAT IS THE FUNCTION?

located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, They allow blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricles and prevent it from flowing back when the ventricles contract.

49 of 77

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES?

thick muscular, elastic wall, can withstand the high pressure generated by the heart pumping blood into them

50 of 77

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ARTERIES?

carries the blood under high pressure from the heart to the organs

51 of 77

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF CAPILLARIES?

smallest in diameter blood vessels, connects to the smallest arterioles and the smallest venules,

52 of 77

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CAPILLARIES?

blood flows slowly through capillaries and exchanges materials with the tissue

53 of 77

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE VEINS?

wide lumen, to take blood back to the heart, high pressure is not needed, endothelium, reduces friction of the flowing blood, valves, prevent backflow of blood kepps it pumping to the heart, smooth muscle, improves exchange of gas at the alveoli,

54 of 77

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF VEINS?

elastic blood vessels that transports deoxygenated blood to various regions in the body to the heart.

55 of 77

WHY IS THE LEFT VENTRICLE WALL OF THE HEART THICKER + MORE MUSCULAR THAN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE WALL?

the left ventricel pumps blood to the entire body apart from the lungs it generates in high pressure allowing fast delivery of oxygen to the body tissues and takes away waste quickly.

56 of 77

WHAT DOES A DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?

one circuit links the heart and lungs, the other circuit links the heart with the rest of the body, [advantages include high blood pressure so a greater flow of blood to the tissues]

57 of 77

STATE TWO PHASES OF RAPID GROWTH IN HUMANS

infancy and adolescence

58 of 77

WHAT ARE MERISTEMS?

when plants only grow at specific parts such as root tips, shoot tips, stem, nodes, and buds

59 of 77

WHAT IS CELL DIFFERENTIATION?

the process of becoming specialised, [undifferentiated stem sells divides by mitosis to become more specialised]

60 of 77

WHAT ARE THE ETHICAL ISSUES RAISED BY USING HUMAN STEM CELLS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH?

the spare embryos could of been developed into people, goes against Gods will [however without stem cell researchthese embryos would still be discarded]

61 of 77

EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADULT AND EMBRYONIC CELLS?

Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin,

62 of 77

STATE FOUR CHARACTERISTICS THAT HAVE BEEN SELECTED IN ANIMALS?

1) have more muscles + less fat for lean meat, 2) produce higher milk yields, 3) reach maturity quicker, 4) lay more eggs {have mroe wool}

63 of 77

EXPLAIN THE ADAVANTAGES AND DISADANTAGES OF SELECTIVE BREEDING IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS

an accumulation of harmful recessive characteristics, reduction in variation

64 of 77

ADVANTAGES OF SELECTIVE BREEDING IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

being able to produce organisms with desired features properly.

65 of 77

HOW DOES GENE THERAPY DIFFER FORM GENETIC ENGINEERING?

does not change a persons gene permanently, inserts genes into certain body cells of a person who has a recessive geentioc disease[faulty allele]

66 of 77

ADVANTAGES OF PRODUCING NEW VARIETIES OF CROP BY GENETIC MODIFICATION INSTEAD OF SELECTIVE BREEDING?

no risk of transferring diseases from animals to humans, enough crops can be made to cure people that suffer from diseases such as diabetes, those who are vegetarian won't object to the use of the crops

67 of 77

IF THE WORLD POPULATION INCREASED BY 50% WHY WOULD WE NEED TO GROW TWICE AS MANY GRAIN PLANTS?

to feed both the people and the extra living stock

68 of 77

STATE FOUR POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF GM CROPS

1) crops resistant to pests could be developed= fewer pesticides, 2) drought resistant crops=reduce the need for water, 3) solution to feeding the world population, 4) higher yielding crops will reduce need for fertilisers.

69 of 77

STATE 3 POTENTIAL RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH GM CROPS

1) poor farmers can't afford gm crops, 2)Gm crops could change ecosystem in ways that are unimaginable, 3) Gm crops could cross contaminate with wild plants=impossible to control genetic modification

70 of 77

STATE THE STAGES OF TISSUE CULTURE

1)parent cell, 2) cells are removed from the tip of plant, 3) cells are placed in jelly containing growth hormones, 4) hundreds of clones are made from one plant

71 of 77

WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF CLONING?

allows infertile parents to have children, can extend life by replacing ageing tissues + organs

72 of 77

WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL RISKS OF CLONING

research to perfect cloning could lead to damaged clones, decreasing genetic diversity caused by asexual cloning, humans would be created as tools of products for medicine

73 of 77

WHY IS CLONING PLANTS EASIER THAN CLONING ANIMALS?

mature plants still have stem cells in their meristems, mature animal cells can no longer differentiate.

74 of 77

STATE AN ADAPTATION FOR CAPILLARIES THAT WOULD ALLOW THEM TO WORK EFFICENTLY

thin permeable walls, allow gaseious exchange to take place

75 of 77

WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE SMALL AIR SACS IN THE LUNGS?

alveoli

76 of 77

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS?

mitosis, is ordinary cell division, the cell reproduces its self by splitting to form two identical offspring, meiosis is a cell division that only occurs in the reproductive organisms, meiosis produces cells that have half the number of chromosomes.

77 of 77

Get Revising

BIOLOGY

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Similar Biology resources:

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Related discussions on The Student Room

Similar Biology resources: