A process used in water treatment where chlorine gas is injected into the water to kill any microbes.
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Chromatography
A process used to separate substances in a mixture. Separation of the substance depends on distribution between a mobile phase and a stationary phase.
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Crystallisation
A separation technique to obtain soluble solids from solutions. The process involves heating the solution until crystals start to form, leaving the solution to cool and then filtering the formed crystals from the solution.
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Filtration
A separation technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a solution.
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Fractional Distillation
A process used to separate a mixture of liquids. The liquids have different boiling points so can be separated into different fractions within a fractioning column.
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Gas
The state of matter where the particles have the most energy. The particles in a gas are relatively spread out and move randomly in all directions.
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Ground Water
Water which collects in rocks that then trap the water underground.
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Liquid
The state of matter where the particles are arranged randomly and close together. The particles are able to move past each other.
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Melting point data
Data can be used to evaluate the purity of a substance. A pure substance should have a sharp melting point.
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Mixture
Contains at least two different elements or compounds which are not chemically bonded together.
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Mobile Phase
The fluid (gas or liquid) which moves through the chromatography system, carrying the mixture which is to be separated.
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Paper Chromatography
A type of chromatography which uses paper as the stationary and a solvent as the mobile phase. The solvent carries the mixture up the paper where the substances in the mixture separate, depending on how soluble they are in the mobile phase.
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Particle Theory
The theory which models the three states of matter by representing the particles as small solid spheres. Particle theory can help to explain melting, boiling, freezing and condensing.
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Potable Water
Water that is safe for humans to drink.
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Pure Substance
The chemistry definition of a pure substance is a substance that contains only one compound or element. The everyday definition of a pure substance is a substance which has nothing added to it.
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Rf Value
A value used in chromatography which is calculated as the distance travelled by the dissolved substance divided by the distance travelled by the solvent. It can be used to identify substances within a mixture.
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Sedimentation
A process used in water treatment to remove solids from the water. Suspended soils will fall to the bottom of the container and form a sediment, allowing them to be easily removed.
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Simple Distillation
A separation technique used to separate a liquid from a solution. The solution is heated so that only the liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates. This gas is then condensed in a condenser before being collected as a liquid.
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Solid
The state of matter where the particles hold a regular arrangement and have the least amount of energy.
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State Symbols
The symbols used in chemical equations to denote the states of the chemicals reacting.
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Stationary Phases
The non-moving phase which the mobile phase passes over during chromatography.
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Waste Water
Water from industrial, domestic, agricultural and commercial activity. It requires treatment before it is potable.
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Front
Chromatography
Back
A process used to separate substances in a mixture. Separation of the substance depends on distribution between a mobile phase and a stationary phase.
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