Energy balanced, reduced saturated fats, more polyunsaturated fats, reduced cholesterol, reduced salt and more non starch polysaccharides such as pectins and guar gum.
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How are the polysaccharides in fruits and vegetables beneficial?
They lower blood cholesterol as they are only partially digested, this forms a gel that traps the cholesterol preventing it from being absorbed.
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What are the benefits of oily fish?
They consist if omega 3 fatty acids which a polyunsaturated fatty acids, they have been linked with the reduction of heart disease and joint inflammation.
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What type of disease is cardiovascular disease?
It is multifactorial this means that a combination of risk factors experienced by the individual determines the risk of them developing the disease.
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What are the main factors that cause CVD?
Smoking, inactivity, hypertension (high blood pressure) and high blood cholesterol levels.
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How does smoking increases the chances of having CVD?
Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin which increases the heart rate, nicotine stimulates the production of adrenaline which constricts arteries and arterioles raising blood pressure, chemicals can also damage artery walls, reduces production of HDLs.
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How does consuming too much salt lead to the increased risk of CVD?
When salt levels are too high the kidney retains too much water, leading to higher fluid levels in the blood. This then elevates the blood pressure.
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How can exercise prevent CVD?
It prevents high blood pressure, maintains a healthy weight and raises HDL levels.
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How can hypertension lead to an increased risk of CVD?
High blood pressure increases the likelihood of atherosclerosis occurring as the heart rate increases in order to maintain the cardiac output. This increases the risk of damaging artery or arteriole walls.
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What does the genetic disorder familial hypercholesterol do?
Mutations in the LDLR gene cause the LDL receptors involved in the removal of cholesterol from the blood not to form or to have a shape that makes them less efficient resulting in high LDL levels in the blood.
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How does high blood cholesterol levels result in an increased risk of CVD?
This is because you are more likely to have atherosclerosis as there is more cholesterol present in the blood.
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Why are lipoproteins needed?
Cholesterol is insoluble in water in order to be transported in the blood it is combined with proteins to form soluble proteins.
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How are low density lipoproteins formed and how are high density lipoproteins formed?
Triglycerides from fats in our diet combine with cholesterol and proteins to form LDLs or HDLs.
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What do LDLs do?
They circulate in the body bind to receptor cell membranes, after they are taken up by cells they are involved in the synthesis and maintenance of the cell membranes.
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What can happen when there is an excess of LDLs
Membrane receptors overload resulting in high blood cholesterol levels, LDL cholesterol may be deposited in the artery walls forming atheromas.
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What do HDLs do?
They transport cholesterol into the liver where they are broken down in the liver this lowers blood cholesterol and helps remove the fatty plaques of atherosclerosis.
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Why is it best to have a high HDL: LDL ratio?
There is a protective effect more atherosclerotic plaques are removed from the artery wall.
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What are apolipoproteins?
These are the proteins components of lipoproteins. They are needed to stabilise the structure of lipoproteins and recognising receptors involved in the lipoprotein upake on the plasma membrane.
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What is apolipoprotein A (APOA)? And what happens when the gene that forms this protein mutates?
It helps in the removal of cholesterol to the liver for excretion. Mutations are associated with low levels of HDL, reducing the removal of cholesterol from the blood.
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What is apolipoprotein B (APOB)? And what happens when the gene that forms this protein mutates?
This is the main protein in LDLs that helps transfer cholesterol from the blood to cells. Mutations of the gene results in higher levels of LDLs in the blood increasing the chances of CVD.
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What is apolipoprotein E (APOE)? And what is bad about the APOE4?
It is a major component of HDLs and very low lipoproteins which are also involved in the removal do cholesterol. The APOE4 slows down the removal of cholesterol therefore increasing the risk of coronary heart disease.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
How are the polysaccharides in fruits and vegetables beneficial?
Back
They lower blood cholesterol as they are only partially digested, this forms a gel that traps the cholesterol preventing it from being absorbed.
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