Theories of religion

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  • Created by: Farida
  • Created on: 14-12-12 09:25
Substantive defintions
Weber - religion beleif in supernatrual
1 of 95
Functional definitions
Durkheim - religon contribution to social integration - inclusive
2 of 95
Social contructionist defintions
Aldridge - religion contested and influenced by power to define situation
3 of 95
The sacred and profane
Durkehim - sacred things wvoke powerful feelings - something greater then themself
4 of 95
Totemism
Durkheimm - Aboriginal tribe, perform rituals- actually worshipping society
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Wilson - church attendence
only 6.3% of adult population attended church in 2005
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1971 - church attendence
three-fifths of wedding in churches, 2005 only a third
7 of 95
Religious institutions today - HOL
26 bishops sit in HOL Having some influence on legislation
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Religious institutions today - faith schools
State funded and must conform to state regulations
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Clergy statistics
45,000 in 1900 but 34,00 in 2000 when population doubled and lack of clergy means a lack of day-to day influence in local communities is reduced
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Rationalisation
Weber - protestant reformation replaced medevil catcholic worldview of enchanted garden
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Disenchantment
Weber -protestanism saw god as transcendent - set the world into motion therefore enabling science to thrive and provide the basis for technological advances - undermining religious worldview
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A technological worldview
Bruce - little explanation now for religion in everyday life - only survive where religion lest effective e.g illness with no cure
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structual differentiation
Parsons - process of specialisation, leading to disnegagement of religion, functions transferred to other institutions
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structual differentiation - privatised
Bruce-religion privatised sphere of the home and family - a matter of personal choice
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social and cultural diversity
Wilson - move from pre industrial society, religion lost its basis in stable communities and lost its vitality and hold over individuals
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Aldridge
religion for monothiestic religions is a source of identity worldwide, some religious communities that interact through global media.
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Religious diversity
Bruce - seculaisation due to relgious diversitym catholic church doesnt have religious monopoly anymore
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Crisis of credibilty
Berger - diversity undermines religions plausability structure
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Cultural defence and cultural transition
Bruce
20 of 95
Beckford
religious diversity lead some to questioning their beleifs but opposing views can strengthen a religious commitment to existing beleifs rather than undermining them.
21 of 95
Congregational domain and holistic milieu
Heelas and Woodhead study of Kendal in Cumbria, therefore secularisation is occuring in britan because the subjective turn had sundermined the basis of traditional religion
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Kirk Hadaway
level of church attendence in ashtubabula county in Ohio was claimed 83% higher than their estimates of church attendence in the country
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Secularisation from within
Bruce
24 of 95
pratical relatvism - acceptance of the view that others hold beleif other than your own
Bruce
25 of 95
Davie
Beleiving without belonging religion is becoming more privatised
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Multiple modernities
Davie - modern socities with very different patterns of religion
27 of 95
If people are not willing to invest in time going to church then they simply wish to no longer belong
Bruce
28 of 95
Spiritual shopping, cultural amnesia, pilgrims and converts
Hervieu - Leger
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Idea of late modernity
Hervieu - Leger some trends within modern society have begun to accelerate such as decline of tradition and increasing indivualism
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The relocation of religion
Lyon, ideas have become disembedded - the media lift them out their original contexts e.g electronic church. An example of boundaries between different areas of social life become blurred in postmodern society
31 of 95
Religious consumerism
Lyon. Pic n mix elements of different faiths to suit our tastes and make them part of our identity
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religion located to the sphere of consumption
Lyon
33 of 95
Re-enchantment of the world
Lyon
34 of 95
The consumerist religion that Lyon describes is weak religion - little effect on the lives of adherents
Bruce
35 of 95
Secularisation theory is eurocentric
Stark and Bainbridge
36 of 95
people are natrually religious, its human nature to seek rewards and avoid costs
Stark and bainbridge
37 of 95
religion thrives in the uk as they dont have a religious monopoly
Stark and Bainbridge
38 of 95
Growth of televangelism in American shows that level of religious participation is supply led.
Hadden and Shupe
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Liftings of restrictions on Asian immigration into America 1960s allowed asian religions like hare krishna to set up in religious market place
Finke
40 of 95
Bruce argues that s+b misinterpret secularisation theory
It claims secularisation theory only applies to Europe and America - that it actually universal
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Norris and Inglehart
variations in religiosity between societies is due to degrees of existential security
42 of 95
Global population growth undermines trend towards secularisation e.g third world countries have high levels of religiosity
Norris and Inglehart
43 of 95
Those with secure welfare system - reduces poverty and protects those at the bottom from insecurity
Norris and Inglehart
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Gill and Lundegaarde
the more a country spends on welfare, the lower levels of religious participation - explains why USA more secular than USA
45 of 95
Vasquez criticisms of Norris and Inglehart
Only use quantative data about income data - qualitative research needed and N+I only see religion as a negative response to depravation
46 of 95
Nanda
Globalisation created a prosperous scientifically educated class in India e.g working in IT and Pharmaceuticals
47 of 95
Redding
spirit of capatilism among chinese entrepreneurs, sees their post confucian values encouraging hard work and self discipline
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Berger - Pentecostalism
LIke weber protestant ethic, as it demands an ascetic way of life e.g s brazil and chile have strong pentecostalim capatilist development, but LIke wber religious ideas not enough economic development (natrual rescources) needed e.d N brazil
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Giddens
Fundamentalism a relatively new one a growth as a reaction to globalisation undermining social norms
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Giddens and cosmopolatinism
Way of thinking that embarces modernity 'relexive thinking'
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Giddens
Fundamentalism versions of several major religions, they detest modernity but use modern methods e.g 'electronc church'
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Bauman - Postmodernist
Fundamentalism a response to living in postmodernity undertainty attracts people to fundamentalism
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Castells - responses to postmodernity
Resistant identity( those who are threatned) and project identity (those who are forward looking e.g enviromentalism)
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Beckford
They are fixated on fundamentalism ignoring to important developments including how globalisation is affecting non fundamentalist religions like catholicsm
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Bruce - fundamentalism
main cause is due to globalising world threatens their beleifs and lifestyles.
56 of 95
The two fundamentalists
Bruce
57 of 95
Cultual defence
Bruce
58 of 95
Hunington
Clash of civilisations - globalisation makes contact between civilsations easier and more frequent, increasing the likelihood of old conflicts re -emerging
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Casanova
H ignores important religious divisions within civilisations e.g between SUnni and Shi'a islam
60 of 95
Karen armstrong
Hostility to the west is a reaction to western foreign policies of middle east
61 of 95
Sexuality divides the west from the muslim world - not democracy
Norris and Inglehart
62 of 95
Troeltch
distinguishes between churches and sects church (universalistic) sects (exclusive)
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Neibuhr
Denomination and Cult
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Troeltch idea of church having a religious monopoly over society only applies to catholic church before 16th century, since then sects and cults have flourished and religious diversity has become the norm
Bruce
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Wallis categorises NRMS
World rejecting, world accommodating, world affirming
66 of 95
Sects result from schisms and cults are new religions
Stark and Bainbridge
67 of 95
Audience cults, client cults and cultic movements
Stark and Bainbridge
68 of 95
Sects offer their members a theodicy of disprviledge, sects tend to arise in groups who are marginal to society
Weber
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Relative depravation
Stark and Bainbridge
70 of 95
Periods of rapid social change creates an anomie in response to uncertainty - due to social change e.g industrial revolution
Wilson
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growth of sects and cults a response to the social changes involved in modernisation and secularisation - prefer cults as less commitment
Bruce
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Denomination or death - Neibuhr
The second generation. the protestant ethic effect and death of a leader
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Secterian cycle
Stark and Bainbridge
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Established sects - Adventist and Conversionist
Wilson
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Globalisation will make it harder for sects to keep themselves seperate from the outside world
Wilson
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New age movements - 2,000 activities 146,000 practitioners
Heelas
77 of 95
Self spirituality and Detraditionalism
Heelas
78 of 95
Drane postmodernist
Appeal of new age is due to a shift towards postmodern society as a feature of modern society is a loss of faith in meta-narratives
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Growth of new age is feature of modern society - valueing indivualism
Bruce
80 of 95
Source of identity, consumer culture, rapid social change and decline of organised religion
Heelas - ways in which she sees new age and modernity linked
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Miller and Hoffmann
women express greater interest in religion, have stronger personal commitment and attend churches more
82 of 95
Women more religious because they are socialised to be more passive, obedient and caring - qualities valued by religion
Miller and Hoffmann
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Taking care of other family members increases womens religiosity because it involves responsibilty for their ultimate welfare
Greeley
84 of 95
80% of participants in holistic mileu were women as they celebrate the 'natrual'
Heelas and Woodhead
85 of 95
Callum Brown
women attracted to fundamentalism because of the certainties of a traditional gender role is prescribes for them
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organismic depravation,ethical deprivation and social depravation
Compensation for depravation common among women - Glock and Stark
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Bird
religion among minorities can be a basis for community solidarity, a means of preserving ones culture and language and a way of coping with opression in a racist society
88 of 95
Reasons for age differences
Voas and Crockett - the generational and ageing affect
89 of 95
people become more interested in spirituality as they get older as we approach death 'natrually' more concerned about spiritual matters
Heelas - evidence from Kendal project
90 of 95
Gill
children are no longer receiving a religious socialisation
91 of 95
Popper
open beleif system, falsification, science succcessful because it is open it can be criticised
92 of 95
Kuhn
paradigm, science is closed because it takes place within a body of knowledge e.g Dr velikhovsky
93 of 95
Interpretvist view on science
scientific knowledge is socially constructed, it isnt open and testable as scientific method created by science
94 of 95
Woolger
ethnomethodologist - is all that science is scientiist making sense of their world using their own accounting proecedures
95 of 95

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Card 2

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Durkheim - religon contribution to social integration - inclusive

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Functional definitions

Card 3

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Aldridge - religion contested and influenced by power to define situation

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Card 4

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Durkehim - sacred things wvoke powerful feelings - something greater then themself

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Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

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Durkheimm - Aboriginal tribe, perform rituals- actually worshipping society

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