The Nervous System + Neurotransmitters

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  • Created by: FatCat3
  • Created on: 26-04-22 15:20
What cells are is the brain made up off?
qilal cells and astrocytes
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what other cells are there and what do they do?
neurons- specialised cells that move electrical impulses to and from the central nervous system (CNS)
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what structure does the nervous system have?
The NS
CNS (spinal cord+brain)
PNS (somatic NS +autonomic NS)
Autonomic NS (Sympathetic NS + Parasympathetic NS)
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What is the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, its functions and other info?
Brain provides conscious awareness, it is involved in all psychological processes. the brain has many regions responsible for different functions. there are 4 main lobes; occipital lobe, temporal lobe (audio), parietal lobes (integrates info from senses w
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-plays an important part in spatial navigation), frontal lobe (higher order functions ie planning, decision making). The brain stem connects the brain and spinal cord and controls involuntary processes ie breathing. The role of the spinal cord-
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is to transfer messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body. its also responsible for simple reflex actions that don't involve the brain ie jumping out of a chair if you sit on a pin
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what is the PNS- somatic and autonomic NS and its functions?
the role of the PSN is to relay messages (nerve impulses) from CNS to the rest of the body. The somatic NS facilitates communication between CNS and the outside world. SNS is made of sensory receptors that carry info to spinal cord and brain.-
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-Motor pathways allow the brain to control movement and provide muscle responses. ANS plays a role in homeostasis which maintains internal processes like body temperature, heart rate, etc. ANS only consists of motor pathways.
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-which has 2 components. sympathetic NS is involved in responses that prepare fight or flight mode in the body. impulses travel from the SyNS to organs to help us prepare for action in dangerous situations ie breathing rate increases-
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-but desire to urinate is suppressed. Parasympathetic NS is to relax the body and return us to a normal resting state ie slowing down breathing rate and restarting slowed down functions such as desire to urinate
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what do sensory neurons do?
SN carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the S.C and brain. SR are found in various diff locations in the body. SN converts info from SR into neural impulses, when impulses reach the brain, they are transferred into sensations so-
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organisms can react properly. not all sensory info travels to the brain, some terminate at the S.C which allows the reflex actions to occur quickly without the delay of sending impulses to the brain.
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what are relay neurons?
most neurons are neither sensory or motor but lie somewhere between the sensory input and the motor output. RN allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate effectively with each other. the interactions lie within the brain/S.C
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what are motor neurons?
MN refer to neurons which conduct signals from the CNS to effector organs such as muscles. the cell bodies may be in the be in the CNS but have long axons which form part of the PNS. MN form synapses with muscles and control their contractions.-
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-When stimulated, MN release neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the muscle and triggers a response which leads to muscle movement. when the axon of a MN fires, the muscle with which it has forms synapses which contracts. the strength -
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-of the muscle contraction depends on the rate of the firing of the icons of motor neurons that control it. muscle relaxation is caused by inhibition of the motor neuron.
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what are the structure and functions of the neurons?
3 types of neurons; sensory, relay, motor. Neurons consist of a cell body dendrites and an axon. Dendrites are connected to the cell body (the control centre of the neuron). from the cell of the body, the impulse is carried along the axon where it-
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-terminates at the axon terminals. in many nerves, including brain + s.c, there is an insulating layer that forms around the axon- a myelin sheath which allow the never impulses to transmit more rapidly along the axon. if myelin sheath is damaged-
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-impulses slow down. the length go a neuron can vary from a few millimetres to 1 metre Axon terminal connects the neurons to other neurons using synaptic transmission
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what is synaptic transmission?
when info is passed down the axon the neuron as an electrical impulse known as action potential. once the action potential reachers the end of the axon, it needs to be transferred to another neuron or tissue. it must cross over the synaptic gap-
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which is between the pre and post synaptic neuron. there are synaptic vesicles at the end of the neuron (the axon terminal). these contain chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. when the action potential reaches the synaptic vesicles-
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-they release their contents of NT. NT then carry the single across the synaptic gap which bind to receptor sites on the post synaptic cell that when they become activated, they produce exhibitory or inhibitory effects not he post synaptic cell.
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what are exhibitory and inhibitory NT?
exhibitory- on switches
inhibitory- off switches
exhibitory NT makes the PoS cell more likely to fire as ENT binds to the PoS receptor which causes and electrical change in the cell membrane, resulting in excitatory post synaptic potential EPSP, making it more likely fire-
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-inhibitory NT makes it less likely to fire as the INT binds to the PoS receptors resulting in inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP) making it less likely to fire. Also responsible for calming mind+body and filtering out unnecessary excitatory signals
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what can receive EPS+ IISPS, when and how is the likeliness of the cell firing determined?
nerve cells at the same time, the likeliness of the cell firing is determined by adding up the excitatory/inhibitatory synaptic input
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how can the ESP be increases?
the ESP can be increased in 2 ways, 1) spatial summation- when a large number of EPSPs generates at many diff. synapses on the same PoS neuron at the same time or 2) temporal summation-a large number of EPSPs are generated-
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-at the same synapse by a series of high-frequency action potentials on the PreS neuron. the rate at which a cell fires is determined by what goes on in the synapses. If E synapse are more active, the cell fires at a higher rate, if I synapses are more ac
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-the cell fires at a much lower rate or not at all
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what other cells are there and what do they do?

Back

neurons- specialised cells that move electrical impulses to and from the central nervous system (CNS)

Card 3

Front

what structure does the nervous system have?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, its functions and other info?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

continuing w previous card

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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