The lungs

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What is the role of the trachea?
The trachea transports the air from the nose/mouth to the bronchi.
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What is the structure of the trachea?
It is flexible, with cartilage around the pipe to prevent to prevent the trachea falling in when the air pressure decreases. The walls are made up of ciliated epithelium cells and muscle, which produce mucus to trap the dirt or any bacteria cells.
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What are the bronchioles?
They are a series of branching subdivisions from the bronchi. Their walls are made up of muscle lined with epithelium cells. The muscle allows them to constrict, so that they can control the flow of air in and out of the alveoli.
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Where are the intercostal muscles located?
Around the rib cage (these allow the ribs to move in and out during ventilation)
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What two parts of the body does the diaphragm seperate?
The thorax and the abdomen.
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How do you calculate pulmonary ventilation?
tidal volume x ventilation rate
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What is pulmonary ventilation?
The total volume of air that is moved into the lungs during one minute.
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Give two examples of lung diseases.
Tuberculosis, asbestosis, emphysema, lungs cancer.
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What do retrospective studies look at?
They ask questions for common factors between the group, they compare them with a control. This can make them unreliable because people may lie.
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Why are prospective studies harder to use?
Information is gathered over a long period of time, however, it is more reliable because you study their health.
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Give two difficulties of using studies to identify risk factors.
It can be hard to find people with the same lifestyle, the group has to be representative and some people may be more exposed to the risk than others.
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What is incidence?
The number of cases of a disease that occur in a particular group of people at a give time e.g. the amount of people between 65-75 that die from heart disease in one month.
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Statistically significant:
results may be given that aren't correct. The difference between results are statistically significant if they show more than a 95% probability that the difference is real.
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Risk factor:
something that correlates with an increased chance of suffering from a particular disease or condition.
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What are statutory restrictions?
Putting laws in place that ensure the control of certain activities e.g. buying alcohol or cigarettes under the age of 18 or having to issue health warnings on cigarette packages.
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What is emphysema?
A disease that causes shortness of breath. The lungs lose their shape during expiration due to damaged tissue. The tissue around the bronchioles is destroyed and they cannot carry oxygen into the blood.
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What is tuberculosis (TB)?
A bacterial infection spread by inhaling tiny droplets of coughs or sneezes from infected people. It mainly affects the lungs, but sometimes the abdomen and the nervous system.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the structure of the trachea?

Back

It is flexible, with cartilage around the pipe to prevent to prevent the trachea falling in when the air pressure decreases. The walls are made up of ciliated epithelium cells and muscle, which produce mucus to trap the dirt or any bacteria cells.

Card 3

Front

What are the bronchioles?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Where are the intercostal muscles located?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What two parts of the body does the diaphragm seperate?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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