6. Which of these is an example of a sub-ordinate class?
Dog, bird, chair, table
Dalmation, Pigeon, Picnic table, Coffee table
Animal, furniture
7. What was the main finding by Quinn (1987) investigating the use of perceptual cues to create categories?
3 month infants familiarised with 6 exemplars of a single form formed the cleanest categories. Presentation of random stimuli were enough to form a category
3 month infants familiarised with 6 exemplars of a single form formed the cleanest categories. Presentation of random stimuli was not enough to form a category
3 month infants familiarised with 6 exemplars of two forms formed the cleanest categories. Presentation of random stimuli was not enough to form a category
3 month infants familiarised with 6 exemplars of two forms formed the cleanest categories. Presentation of random stimuli were enough to form a category
8. In Plunkett et al 2008, which of these was NOT a finding?
In 5, the single auditory cue overrode the perceptual categories and performance below chance similar to 1
In 4., because auditiry cues inconsistent responses drop to chance
In 1, 3 and 4 infants looked at 3333 at chance level regardless of auditory or perceptual grouping
In 3., responses similar to 2 as auditory labels are consistent with perceptual groups
In 2., children looked more at 3333 than either of the other exemplars. It was novel as was not from narrow set combinations
In 1., children looked less at 3333 than either of other exemplars. Habituated to prototypical mean 3333
9. What is category membership coded by?
Prototypicality
Subordinate classification
Action knowledge
Superordinate classifiction
10. In a visual paired comparisons task, did 62% of infants prefer the novel category or familiar category?
Novel
Familiar
11. Which is a empiricist account of infant categorisation?
Focus on infants use of perceptual cues and statistical learning to form initial categories
Not all categorisation behaviours can be accounted for by perception alone, abstraction and inferencing are key to understanding infant behaviour
12. What were the main findings of a core object knowledge study by Baillargeon (1986)? Used a familiarisation event followed by a possible/impossible test event
There was a longer looking time at the impossible event, infants have innate knowledge of contingency
There was a longer looking time at the possible event, infants have innate knowledge of contingency
There was a longer looking time at the impossible event, infants have innate knowledge of continuity
There was a longer looking time at the possible event, infants have innate knowledge of continuity
13. What does research by Izard, Sann, Spelke, Streri (2009) demonstrate about core number knowledge?
Infants can cross-modally discriminate number knowledge, as can discriminate the closest number image to what they just heard
Infants cannot cross-modally discriminate number knowledge, as can discriminate the closest number image to what they just heard
14. What are the main criticisms of the empiricist perspective?
Neonates cannot understand cross-modal contingencies NOT based on experience and infants can have representations of things they cannot see e.g im/possible events
Infants can have representations of things they cannot see e.g im/possible events
Neonates can understand cross-modal contingencies NOT based on experience and infants can have representations of things they cannot see e.g im/possible events
Neonates can understand cross-modal contingencies based on experience and infants can have representations of things they cannot see e.g im/possible events
15. In a study of efficiency/goal directedness using the head-touch paradigm by Gergley, Bekkening, Kiraly (2002), what was the main manipulation?
Infants first-touch
Head-touch
Utility of hands
Choice
16. In Waxman 1990 who investigated language structure on category structure, what was the main manipulation?
Name of item to frame preference
Nouns v.s adjectives to frame preference
Colour of doll to frame preference
Category structure to frame preference
17. In infant representation of objects, at what age is there no search for hidden objects?
0-8 months
8-12 months
12-18 months
18-24 months
18. In Pauen 2002, what was the important manipulation?
Items across categories (ie natural v.s artificial) were perceptually more similar than items between (natural v.s artificial furniture/animals)
Semantic v.s perceptual cues were manipualted
Items across categories (ie natural v.s artificial) were perceptually more similar than items within (natural v.s artificial furniture/animals)
Items across categories (ie natural v.s artificial) were perceptually more dissimilar than items within (natural v.s artificial furniture/animals)
19. What does research by Oakes, Coppage, Dingel 1997 suggest?
Semantic categories are transient, we categorise based on perceptual similarities.
Perceptual categories are transient, we categorise based on semantic similarities.
Semantic categories can be overriden by perceptual similarity
20. In core object knowledge, cohesion; at what age is there knowledge of motion cohesion?
