Stratification and differentiation

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  • Created by: ssaidi23
  • Created on: 06-04-22 10:16
Define stratification
Ranking people based on a hierarchy
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Define differentiation
Categorising people based on their different characteristics
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What does CAGED stand for
Class, Age, Gender, Ethnicity and Gender
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What is role allocation
Education selects talented people and allocates them to the most important roles in society.
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Who believes that education sifts and sorts according to ability
Davis + Moore
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Who speaks about meritocracy
Parsons
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What is meritocracy
Everyone has the same opportunity of success. More effort/ability = more achievements/rewards
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Who spoke about social solidarity and what is it
Durkheim
Success of society based on co-operation and community.
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Why is social solidarity important?
To transmit shared beliefs and values to people
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True or false - Is stratification inevitable?
True
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What is stratification necessary for?
For role allocation and is based on meritocracy meaning each person deserves to be where they are on the hierarchy.
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Define alienation
When a individual/group feels socially isolated because they lack power to control their lives/realise their true potential.
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(Marx)
Why are workers in a capitalist society alienated?
Because they are exploited and lack control of the production process.
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What is social mobility
Movement of individuals/groups up or down a system of social stratification
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What do high rates of social mobility mean?
Less social class subcultures
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What do functionalists say about the patterns of social mobility
Meritocracy is taken for granted in industrial societies
Role allocation meaning important jobs filled by most capable
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What do marxists say about the patterns of social mobility
- That capitalist society legitimates class inequalities
- Education means reproduction of social class to generations
- Impossible for working class children to have equal opportunities
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What are the two types of social mobility
Intergenerational &
Intragenerational
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Explain intergenerational social mobility
Movement between generations
Eg. daughter moving up higher social scale than her mother
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Explain intragenerational social mobility
Movement of individual during working life
Eg. starting off as office junior and work way up to be office manager
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What is the Sutton Trust & Social Mobility Child Poverty Commission (SMCPC)
Sutton Trust aimed to help 'highly able children from disadvantaged backgrounds' to reach their full potential.
SMCPC aimed to act as an advocate for social mobility
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What is the glass floor?
An invisible barrier which prevents someone from achieving further success
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Where are women in classes 1 and 2 more likely to fall into?
Class 3
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What are women from all classes likely to be?
more likely to be downwardly mobile than men
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How many women from bottom class reach top 2 classes?
Very few
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Some ethnic groups are more upwardly or downwardly socially mobile than others?
upwardly
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What are middle class migrants more likely to suffer?
downward social mobility than upper class migrants
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What do Marxists claim about social mobility and class
Mobility is only within the proletariat ranks
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How do we measure social class?
Occupation
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What does RG SCALE stand for and when was it introduced and finished
Registrar Generals Scale
1901 - 2001
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4 criticisms of RG SCALE
- Hard to compare to current statistics
- Inaccurate
- Some occupations have become deskilled/disappeared
- Ignores the unemployed
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What does NS-SEC stand for and when was it introduced
National Statistics socio-economic classification
2001 - now
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What is a feature of NS-SEC
It recognises women as distinct wage earners and considers occupation, income security and chance of promotion
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Social class and its influence is seen to be ...
in 'terminal decline'
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What has class, gender & ethnicity been replaced by
By an individualistic society where consumerism (how we spent £ and organise daily lives) is more important than class
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What is individualism and who said it
Lyotard
is society made up of a mass of individuals who form their own identity through their own choices
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What did Baudrillard say about postmodernism
Society is now more diverse and class divisions are less distinct. 'End of social' people can be whatever they want.
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What did Bauman (1988-2007) say
That class is not as important as it was and not the main source of identity.
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What did Bauman say peoples identity is based on more?
What people buy than their job
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who said individuals belong to many different groups at different times?
And what is this called
Pakulski & Waters (1996)
Multifaceted identity
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Explain multifaceted identity in depth
Where people can redefine themselves by changing their consumption patterns
For example, saving more than spending all wages every weekend.
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What is consumerism and what is it associated with
is the theory that individuals who consume goods and services in large quantities will be better off.
Associated with Western lifestyle
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What did Grusky say about postmodernists
Focus on consumption stems from the idea that class-based inequality is declining as cultural globalisation allows people to sample different cultures and ideas
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Who spoke about life chances
Weber
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What does an individuals life choices determine
Our structural location in society
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What is a individual in more control of now
their life and choices/risks to be taken
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Max Weber is described as ...
the ghost of marx
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What were the 3 things that Weber said social inequality was because of
1 - class
2 - status
3 - party/power
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What 2 things to Weberian sociologists think
- Some people have better chances than others People are move between classes known as social mobility
- Marxism is very concerned with who owns private property and who doesn't. Not all workers have the same status
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What is Weber's perspective on life chances
- Life chances access to things seen as necessary and desirable in society (eg. food, housing, good healthcare)
- Different classes have different life chances
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Name 2 reasons why men and women have different places in the workplace
- Horizontal segregation (different types of jobs held by men and women)
- Vertical segregation (different levels they reach within the workplace status)
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What do Barron & Norris (1976) say
There are 2 labour markets
Primary - high pay, secure job, good promotion prospects
Secondary - low pay, insecure job, poor promotion prospects
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Who said ethnic minority groups are negatively privileged status groups
Parkin (1968)
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What did Rex & Moore say
that ethnic minority groups are severely disadvantaged in the labour market.
Life chances and the market position is terrible compared to white people
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Define feminism
A sociological perspective focusing on women's oppression and the struggle to end it. Feminists examine women's experiences and study society from a female perspective
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Define patriarchy
a male dominated society maintained through norms and values which favour men and withhold opportunity from women
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Define hierarchy
a system where people are ranked above each other
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Define inequality
when parts of society are uneven eg. different opportunities for people
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Define oppression
exercising power in an adjust way
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What are 3 types of feminism
Radical, liberal and marxist
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What is a radical feminist
they are 'anti-men' and believe men are the issue. Women cant be free until the family as we know it is abolished or radically changed
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Which sociologist is a radical feminist and what do they believe
Firestone (1972) says biology is the basis for women's inequality and male domination in all societies.
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What 3 biological factors make men develop physical/psychological power and control
Menstruation, childbirth and breastfeeding means dependency on others making men dominate social world
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What is a criticism of radical feminism and which sociologist states it
- Orther (1974) believes culture is basis for differentiation between sexes
- mothers are main socialisers
- have more control over transmission of societies culture and how it is shaped
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What is a liberal feminist
They are more optimistic about change - progress has been made
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Which sociologist is a liberal feminist and what do they believe
Oakley - women's positions vary between societies over time.
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Oakley - what do policies and norms suggest about married women
their main care is their children but they should also work to help support the family financially (known as dual burden)
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Why does it take few generations to lose the patriarchal norms and values
because many women were still socialised into the role of housewife by their mother/grandmother
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Why is there still an issue for women although laws are in place
Because there is still a gender pay gap, the glass ceiling prevents women from reaching top jobs
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What are multiple roles (6) that patriarchy attaches to women
cooking, cleaning, sex symbol, mother, wife and counsellor
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What is a marxist feminist
they believe that men may be the problem but class difference is more important
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What sociologist is a marxist feminist and what do they believe
Engles (1972) has a theory that men who want to ensure their children inherit their wealth, leave it to their niece and nephews
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What does Benston (1972) say and what do women/children do
Family is important in maintaining capitalism as it reproduces generations of workers. Women/children calm angry men ready to go to work the next day, women form a reserve army of labour
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What is Parsons (func.) warm bath theory?
When a man comes home from a hard day at work, he can relax into this family like a warm bath and it takes away the stress and refresh him for the next days work.
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Who said women are 'takers of ****'
Ansley (marxist feminist)
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What does Ansley's theory mean
Women are the ones who absorb the anger and frustration felt by the husband working in the capitalist workplace. His stress isn't relieved by the family as a whole but instead its dumped on the wives.
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Define differentiation

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Categorising people based on their different characteristics

Card 3

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What does CAGED stand for

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Card 4

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What is role allocation

Back

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Card 5

Front

Who believes that education sifts and sorts according to ability

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