Steroids

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What are structures of anabolic steroids based on?
Testosterone
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by 2007 how many people have used anabolic steroids?
200,000 people in the UK have tried steroids
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What class is an anabolic steroid?
Class C
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What is it illegal to do?
Possess or import steroids as long as theyre for personal use
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What is the history of Steroids?
There is early major docuented use in the 1953 olympics for weightliften worked, so they caught on
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What happened by the mid 80s?
Use widespread among even amateurs and even in schools.
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What law was passed?
So that they could only be obtained on perscription and theyre banned by many sports organisations
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How can steroids be taken?
Orally, or instramuscularly, also creams and gels or patches
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What do endurance athletes and sprinters take?
Low doses
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However what do body builders and strength athletes take?
up to 100X therapeutic dose
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What happens to oral steroids in the liver?
They metabolise too fast
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What is stacking?
How a person takes the steroid which enhances its effectiveness
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how is it taken?
It is cycled
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What does this mean?
It tskes 6-12 weeks then abstain, which minimises tolerance, reduces occurence of side effects, maximises performance and avoids detetion
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What is another technique?
Combined with cycling which is called pyramiding, increase dose gradually till midpoint of cycle then decrease again
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What does this suppose?
Reduces withdrawal
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What do the anabolic steroids do?
Increase muscle size, muscle mass and strength
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What do androgenic steroids do?
musculinizing properties
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What can they be used therapeutically for?
Anaemia, thrombosis and to build muscle for the bed ridden
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What did Bhasin et al study?
Healthy men aged 18-35, prior weightlifting experience but hadnt taken steroids
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What were they given?
Monthly treatments testosterone with another drug to suppress endogenous testosterone
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What is the below average dose?
20-50 mg doses
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What is the normal dose?
125 mg
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What is the 2-4 above baseline?
300 to 600 mg
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What is the first hypothesis of mechanism of action?
Steroids act at androgen receptor
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For example?
Androgen recepotrs are present in cytoplasm of skeletal muscle
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What does androgen do?
Binds and activate receptor, which moves to cell nucleus and regulates DNA transcription of specific genes
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What does this increase?
Protein synthesis and muscle growth
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What is the problem with hypothesis 1?
Some argue that normally androgen receptors already saturated so how can steroids work on them
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What is the second hypothesis?
steroid treatment induces receptor expression in muscle
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What is hypothesis 3?
Androgens are antagonists for glucorticoid hormones which are catabolic - decrease protein synthesis increase in protein breakdown
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What are side effects of steroids?
Testostorone is converted into DHT which has an androgenic effect
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What can testosterone also be converted to?
estradiol by aromatase, normal processs mediating testosterone effects on CNS, this has feminising effects
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What can happen to women?
Growing excess hair, **** size decrease, deepening voice
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What can happen to mean?
Testicular shrinkage, reduced sperm counts, infertility, growing breasts
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What are behavioural effects?
Increased sex drive, aggressiveness and irritability
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What can steroids also lead to
high blood pressure, increase risk of liver failure, stroke and heart attack
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What did controlled studies produce?
Mixed results: very dependent on individual
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What did Pope et al find?
84% had no change, 12% mild mania, 4% strong mania
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What did the following report in steroid users?
Take more than intended, cant cut down, too much time using, use despite problems use causes, replace other activities with substance use
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What withdrawal symptoms did people show?
Fatigue, insomnia, restlessness, anorexia, decreased libido, dissatisfaction with body image
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What is implicated in steroid use?
mesolimbic pathway is implicated in natural reward and drug abuse
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What did Lab studies show?
Testosterone in nucleus accumbens both produce a place preference in mice, nucelus accumbens supposedly helps mediate reward. This is blocked by D1/D2 antagonist a flupenthixol which is not chemically related to testosterone
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ARe steroids reinforcing?
No reports of self administration, dont produce euphoria, maybe it is psychoactive?
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by 2007 how many people have used anabolic steroids?

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200,000 people in the UK have tried steroids

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What class is an anabolic steroid?

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Card 4

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What is it illegal to do?

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What is the history of Steroids?

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Comments

Joseph August

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The question is really important, facts!

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