Step 4+ Anaerobic

?
  • Created by: Hindleyc
  • Created on: 04-11-18 20:29
Last stage? Where?
Oxidative phosphorylation. Cristae
1 of 39
What has happened during the processes of resp already outlined?
Only been production 4 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
2 of 39
What is main purpose of previous stages?
Collect H atoms in form reduced NAD+FAD.
3 of 39
What happens to these coenzymes?
Passed to the next and final stage of respiration- oxidative phosphorylation
4 of 39
What is this process?
The one that utilises energy of the electrons within the hydrogen atoms to produce ATP
5 of 39
Where does it take place?
Within Cristae (inner folded membrane) as this contains the enzymes and proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation.
6 of 39
What does folding do?
Inc SA for proteins embedded involved in ETC.
7 of 39
Where e- from?
H- 1 proton, 1 e-
8 of 39
What does Cristae contain
enzymes and proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation
9 of 39
Step 1?
Reduced NAD and FAD donate the electrons from the H atoms to the first molecule in the ETC (high energy level)
10 of 39
Step 2?
Donated electrons pass along a chain of electron carriers in a series of redox reactions
11 of 39
step 3?
As these electrons flow along this chain they release energy that is used to actively transport hydrogen ions (protons) across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the inner membrane space
12 of 39
step 4
These Hydrogen ions build up in the inter membrane space creating a proton gradient
13 of 39
Step 5
The hydrogen ions diffuse back into the the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase (which is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane) and ADP is phosphorylated to ATP (chemiosmotic theory)
14 of 39
Step 6?
At the end of the chain the electrons and protons combine with oxygen to form water. hence oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the chain
15 of 39
Why Fad second?
At a lower energy level so not first involved
16 of 39
When is oxygen vital?
If the hydrogen produced in glycolysis and Krebs cycle are to be used in the production of ATP
17 of 39
What about in absence of oxygen?
Organisms have developed mechanisms to continue the production of ATP
18 of 39
What happens in absence of oxygen?
neither Krebs cycle or ETC can occur because very quickly all the NAD+FAD will be reduced hence no NAD+FAD will be able to take up the hydrogen produced during the Krebs cycle and so the cycle stops working.- only glycolysis able to produce ATP
19 of 39
For glycolysis to continue..
Its products of pyruvate and hydrogen must be constantly removed
20 of 39
What must happen to hydrogen>
Be released from reduced NAD in order to regenerate NAD to allow the process to continue .
21 of 39
What happens as a result?
Pyruvate molecule accepts the hydrogen from reduced NAD and the now oxidised NAD can be used again in glycolysis
22 of 39
When is this process slightly different?
In plants and microoganisms
23 of 39
What happens in these (and cells of some higher plants)
Anaerobic respiration leads to production of ethanol and carbon dioxide
24 of 39
What does pyruvate molecule formed at end of glycolysis do?
Lose a molecule of co2 and accepts H from reduced NAD
25 of 39
What happens as a result?
Ethanol, co2 and oxidised NAD. are produced eg brewing
26 of 39
Process in animals-
Shortage of o2 preform anaerobic resp resulting in production of lactate commonly occurring in muscle cells during high intensity exercise
27 of 39
What happens during these exercises
o2 used up quicker than can be supplied therefore o2 debt
28 of 39
What happens to avoid build up NAD from glycolysis?
each pyruvate molecule takes up 2H atoms from reduced NAD to form lactate and oxidised NAD
29 of 39
What happens when availability of o2 increase again?
Lactate can be oxidised back to pyruvate
30 of 39
What will build of lactate in muscle tissues cause?
cramp and muscle fatigue
31 of 39
What does oxidation of lactate do?
Extra burst of energy
32 of 39
Summary?
NAD needs to be resynthesised (oxidised) so H goes to pyruvate. Take 2H puts NAD back into system so can redo glycolysis . NADH cants enter Krebs cause no o2 so redo glycolysis tiny amount of ATP by pyruvate taking H. Plants lose CO2
33 of 39
Alternative respiratory substrates
Proteins and lipids can be used as alternative substrates in certain circumstances
34 of 39
Proteins?
Initially hydrolysed to AA's then laminated (have amino group removed). then enter respiratory pathways at different points dependent on the number of C atoms they contain
35 of 39
What happens to 3 carbon compounds?
converted to pyruvate
36 of 39
4c and 5c?
intermediates in Krebs cycle
37 of 39
Lipids?
First hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol phosphorylated and converted into triose phosphate that can enter glycolysis pathway and then Krebs cycle
38 of 39
Fatty acids?
Broken down into 2 carbon molecules that then converted to acetyl coenzyme A that then enters Krebs cycle
39 of 39

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What has happened during the processes of resp already outlined?

Back

Only been production 4 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

Card 3

Front

What is main purpose of previous stages?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What happens to these coenzymes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is this process?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

See all Biology resources »See all Cellular processes resources »