Sociology concepts:Education

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  • Created by: Mia01_
  • Created on: 17-04-21 21:47
A-C Economy
Where schools focus a disproportionate amount of their resources on making sure ‘middling’ students get 5 A*-Cs, rather than helping to boost more able students or getting less able students passes below the 5- A*C threshold.
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Achieved status
Where individuals gain their social position in society through their own efforts, rather than that position being based on their ascribed characteristics such as their ‘race’ or their class background.
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Ascribed status
Where an individual’s position in society is pre-determined by their birth or social characteristics. An example of this is the royal inheritance in the United Kingdom: only a son of Queen Lizzie II can become King when she dies.
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Banding/ Streaming
Grouping students by ability. Students are put into the same group across all subjects (unlike setting, which is where students might be placed in different ability groups in different subject.
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Canalisation
Where choices of subjects become gradually more limited as children progress through school.
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Compensatory Education
Educational policies which provide additional money or resources for students facing cultural or material deprivation. The idea is that the extra money/resources helps overcome disadvantage and boost results.
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Comprehensive School
One type of school for all students. Non-selective schools where all students have an equal opportunity within the same school.
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Comprehensivisation
The establishment of comprehensive schools in the 1960s which replaced the selective tripartite system.
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Correspondence principle
The Marxist idea that the norms and values pupils learn in school prepare them for their future exploitation at work. For example, schools teach pupils to be ‘motivated by external rewards’
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Counter school culture
A group within a school which has norms and values in direct opposition to the mainstream culture of the school. E.G. a group of students who see value in messing around and ‘having a laugh’ or disrupting lessons rather than working hard and studying
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Cultural capital
The skills, knowledge and attitudes associated with the dominant culture, possessed by the middle classes, which give middle class parents and children an advantage in life.
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Cultural deprivation
Where some groups, such as the lower social classes have inferior norms, values, skills and knowledge which hold them back in life. Cultural deprivation can have a negative effect on the education of working class children
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Cycle of Deprivation
Where one aspect of material disadvantage has a knock on effect and leads to other types of disadvantage, such that poverty is reinforced and carries on, often across generations. For example, being poor, means a poor diet etc.
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Deferred Gratification
Where one delays immediate reward and instead works hard now in order to receive a greater reward in the future.
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Deterministic
Self-fulfilling prophecy theory is often criticised as being deterministic, because it assumes that a particular input (labelling) always has the same affect (the subject accepts their label).
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Disconnected Choosers
Working class parents who simply send their children to local schools rather than researching different schools and then making their choice. The opposite of ‘skilled choosers’
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Division of Labour
Where production is broken down into a number of small, specialized tasks to improve efficiency. For example, instead of one person constructing a whole car, each individual specializes in adding different bits.
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Education Action Zones
A New Labour Education policy (late 1990s)which promoted links between clusters of schools in deprived areas and local businesses and parents, with the intention of getting business to provide extra funds to those schools(failed) .
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Educational triage
Where schools sort students into three groups: those who will pass without help, those could pass with help, and those who probably won’t pass even if they do get help.
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Elaborated Speech Code
Language consisting of a wide vocabulary, complex sentences and which is context-free, so able to express abstract ideas. Used by the middle class and the opposite of restricted speech code.
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Equality of opportunity (within education)
Where everyone has an equal chance to get into the best schools and universities and achieve good qualifications, and everyone competes for the best results on a level playing field, without being discriminated against .
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Ethnocentric Curriculum
Ethnocentric means seeing or judging things in a biased way. An ethnocentric curriculum is one which treats middle class European white culture as superior – eg teaching history from a European rather than African perspective.
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Ethos
The culture of a school – including its expected norms of behaviour, core values and especially the aspirations for its students.
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Exclusions
Where pupils are either suspended for a set period or permanently expelled from school, typically for breaking school rules.
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Exogenous Privatisation (of education)
Schools are taken over by private businesses .A related concept here is ‘endogenous privatisation’, where schools are made compete like businesses while still being run by the state.
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Faith school
A school with formal ties to a particular faith. Many have different admissions (selection) criteria to regular state schools and select a proportion of their students on the basis of their faith.
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Fatalism
According to Bernstein this is an attitude held by working class children and parents. It is the belief that they will inevitably end up in working class jobs, and so prevents them from aspiring to do any better.
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Free Schools
Schools set up and run by groups of parents, charities or businesses and run directly by them. They are funded directly by the government and not by Local Education Authorities.
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Gender domains
The activities that boys and girls see as typically the territory of their gender. E.g. playing football for boys and playing with dolls for girls.
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Globalisation
The increasing interconnectedness of people and societies across the world.
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Grammar School
A selective school catering to students who pass their 11+. Offers an academic education catered to high achieving students. Part of the ethos of grammar schools is that students should aspire to go to university.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Where individuals gain their social position in society through their own efforts, rather than that position being based on their ascribed characteristics such as their ‘race’ or their class background.

Back

Achieved status

Card 3

Front

Where an individual’s position in society is pre-determined by their birth or social characteristics. An example of this is the royal inheritance in the United Kingdom: only a son of Queen Lizzie II can become King when she dies.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Grouping students by ability. Students are put into the same group across all subjects (unlike setting, which is where students might be placed in different ability groups in different subject.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Where choices of subjects become gradually more limited as children progress through school.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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