Society and social change 1851-1886

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  • Created by: evekav
  • Created on: 15-03-22 12:07
What did most definitions of class refer to?
Occupation
Acquired capital
Inherited wealth
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What were the classes?
Aristocracy
MC
WC
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What did the UC rely on?
Inherited wealth
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What did the UC dominate?
Every aspect of social, political and economic life.
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How did industrialisation impact the social structure?
Successful industrialists, manufacturers and merchants accumulated wealth and were able to challenge the economic superiority of the UC.
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What were the more financially successful MC regarded as?
Upper MC
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By 1850, How much of the population was MC?
Between 1/5 and 1/4
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What was the cut off point between MC and WC?
An annual income of £100
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What was the broader definition of MC?
Those who could afford to keep a domestic servant.
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In the 1871 census, how many domestic servants were there?
1.4 million
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By 1850, how much of the population earned through manual labour?
4/5
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What was there a lack of in the WC?
Homogeneity
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Define homogeneity
A sameness, a likeness, an identity, a comparabilty or a uniformity.
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What was the difference between WCs in rural and urban areas?
Rural - poorly paid agricultural workers
Urban - greater diversityof occuational activities and variation in status, habits and wage-level of workers.
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What did Theodore Hoppen argue there was between WCs in the workplaces?
'Occupational hierarchies in individual worplaces'.
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What was the 'true WC' defined as?
Those who work and are able to maintain themselves.
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What was England the dominant centre of during the 19th century?
Social, economic and political
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When did England unite with:
a) Wales
b) Scotland
c) Ireland
a) 1536-43
b) 1707
c) 1800
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What was the most prominent regional division in England?
Industrial north vs agricultual south
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What did the 1870 Education act try to do?
Anglicise the Gaelic speakers of Scotland and threatened the Welsh speakers and Irish Gaelic speakers.
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What isolated the Highlands of Scotland?
The railway network did not connect the Highlands to Britain.
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What was the result of the Highlands not being connected to Britain?
They were left behind in the Golden Agein the 1850s/60s
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What did high rents in Scotland lead to?
Civil disobedience and the Crofters' War
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What parts of Scotland flourished due to industrialisaton?
Central/southern Scotland
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In Glasgow, which industries flourished?
*Textiles
*Engineering
*Shipbuilding
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What rank were Edinburgh and Glasgow of the wealthiest cities in Britain?
3rd & 5th
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Where was the only northern modern industrial development in Ireland?
Ulster
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What was the division between the north and south emphasised by in Wales?
Industrial development around the coal fields in the south.
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What religion was strong in Wales?
Nonconformist - census of 1851=3/4 were regular chapel or church goers.
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What allowed industry to develop in the north of England but not in the south?
Coal and iron ore deposits.
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What was the effect of depopulation in England in 1850?
Local economies stagnated and wages of farm workers dropped lower than any other in the country.
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Who benefitted from the profits in industry?
MC manufacturers and merchants
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What indicated an overall rise in prsperity?
The increase in workers' wages in towns and country.
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What was the average increase in industrial workers wages?
But how much did prices rise by?
50%
20% = real wage increase 30%
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What was more avaliable for WC families?
Simple commodities - soap/matches
Fresh food - cheaper
Diets more varied
Leisure time
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What did the 1870 Factory Act do?
What other Act was introduced?
Cut working hours in the textile industry
Bank Holidays Act, 1871
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What problems still remained?
Unemployment
Working conditions poor
Young children in workshops unregulated
No state education
Housing - slums
Health hazards -unsanitary
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What improvements were made by government?
Public health legslation
Factory legislation
State education system
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Where was there little security in jobs?
If they were laid off, ill health or old age.
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What could the prosperity not get rid of?
Poverty
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What were the group of people who remained in poverty known as?
Paupers
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What did William Booth say 'paupers' included?
Decent WC people, demoralised and distressed at their inability to maintain themselves or family. He claimed there were as many as 3 million.
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What did Booth's survey suggest the percentage of people living in poverty in 1889 was?
30%
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What were the classes?

Back

Aristocracy
MC
WC

Card 3

Front

What did the UC rely on?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What did the UC dominate?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How did industrialisation impact the social structure?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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