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6. What is the main idea of Self-Affirmation Theory?
- People can reduce threats to their self-esteem by distancing themselves from the source of the threat
- People can reduce threats to their self-esteem by affirming themselves in areas related to the source of the threat
- People can reduce threats to their self-esteem by affirming themselves in areas unrelated to the source of the threat
- People can reduce threats to their self-esteem by directly addressing the source of the threat
7. What is insufficient punishment characterized by?
- The dissonance caused when individuals resist a desired activity
- The dissonance caused by engaging in counter-attitudinal behavior
- The dissonance caused by lacking sufficient external justification for resisting a desired activity
- The dissonance caused by having too much external justification
8. In Steele, Hoppe, and Gonzales' (1986) study, what were students asked to do regarding ranking record albums?
- Rank albums and keep the fifth or sixth ranked album
- Rank albums and trade rankings with another student
- Rank albums and keep the top-ranked album
- Rank albums and give them away as a reward
9. What additional task did half of the students in each group perform in Aronson, Fried, and Stone's (1991) study?
- Recite their speech to a camera for a recording
- Compose a list of circumstances in which they used condoms
- Compose a list of circumstances in which they did not use condoms
- Recite their speech to a live audience
10. What is the main characteristic of hypocrites, as described in the Hypocrisy Paradigm?
- They polarize their judgments
- They judge others more leniently
- They judge others more harshly
- They avoid making moral judgments
11. What is post-decision dissonance?
- Dissonance experienced after making a decision
- Dissonance experienced during decision-making
- Dissonance experienced before making a decision
- Dissonance unrelated to decision-making
12. When external justifications cannot be found, what is the alternative method for reducing dissonance?
- Counter-attitudinal behavior
- Harsh punishment
- Internal justification
- Avoiding temptation
13. What was the main finding regarding the participants' ratings of the tasks in Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) study?
- Participants who were offered $1 rated the tasks as boring
- Participants who were offered $1 rated the tasks as more enjoyable
- Participants who were offered $20 rated the tasks as more enjoyable
14. Why does understanding cognitive dissonance explain much of human thinking?
- Because human thinking is always rational
- Because human thinking is completely unrelated to attitudes
- Because human thinking is not rational but involves rationalizing
- Because human thinking is only based on behavior
15. According to Tesser and Smith's (1980) study, how did students give clues in a word game that was low importance?
- They gave equally difficult clues to both strangers and friends
- They gave easier clues to friends
- They gave harder clues to friends
16. According to Gibbons, Eggleston &Benthin's study, what happened to relapser's perception of health risk after resuming smoking?
- It remained unchanged
- It declined significantly
- It increased significantly
- It had no correlation with relapse
17. In the study by Aronson and Mills (1959), what was the screening procedure for the college students joining the discussion group?
- One third had a demanding/unpleasant screening, one third had a mildly unpleasant screening, and one third had no screening at all
- All participants had a demanding/unpleasant screening
- All participants had a mildly unpleasant screening
18. What is counter-attitudinal behavior?
- Acting in a way that aligns with harsh punishment
- Acting in a way that aligns with our private beliefs
- Acting in a way that conflicts with our private beliefs or attitudes
- Acting in a way that aligns with external justifications
19. What did Jack Brehm's (1956) study reveal about the participants' ratings of the appliances they chose and the one they did not choose?
- Participants lowered their rating of both appliances
- Participants raised their rating of the chosen appliance and lowered the rating of the other
- Participants lowered their ratings of the chosen appliance
- Participants raised their ratings of both appliances
20. How did Aronson (1969) develop the definition of cognitive dissonance?
- Dissonance is most painful when beliefs are consistent
- Dissonance is most painful when it challenges self-esteem
- Dissonance is most painful when cognitions are unrelated
- Dissonance is most painful when attitudes are in alignment