Social influence studies

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  • Created by: asusre
  • Created on: 03-05-21 22:47
Which study outlined the three types of conformity?
Kelman (1958) outlined the three types of conformity.
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Which study explains conformity using a dual process dependency model?
Deutsch and Gerard (1955) developed a dual process dependency model which explains two reasons why people conform.
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Which study supports normative social influence?
Asch (1951) interviewed participants and found that they conformed as they felt self-conscious and afraid of disapproval. When answers were written down, conformity fell to 12.5%.
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Which study is evidence of individual differences in the desire for social acceptance?
McGhee and Teevan (1967) found that nAffiliators, people who have a strong need to be liked, were more likely to conform.
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What research supports informational social influence?
Lucas et al (2006) found that participants were more likely to conform when given more difficult maths problems to solve.
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What is the baseline study for investigating conformity?
Asch (1951) is the baseline study which investigated conformity to a majority which gave obviously wrong answers. Participants were asked to say out loud which of the comparison lines were the same length of the standard line after a group of confederates
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What were the results of Asch (1951)?
Asch (1951) found a 32% conformity rate to wrong answers. 75% of participants conformed to at least one wrong answer.
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How did group size affect conformity rates?
Asch (1955) found that conformity increased with group size, but up to a point. With one confederate, conformity was 3%, and with three confederates, conformity rose to 33%, but after three, it stayed the same.
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How did unanimity affect conformity rates?
When the group of confederates had one dissenter who gave the correct answer, conformity rates decreased from 32% to 5.5%.
When the dissenter disagreed with the genuine participant, conformity dropped to 9%.
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What research supports the influence of task difficulty on conformity?
Lucas et al (2006) found that participants were more likely to conform to majority opinion when given more difficult maths problems to solve.
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Which study found that conformity rates are higher in collectivist countries?
Bond and Smith (1996) found that studies in collectivist countries such as China have higher rates of conformity.
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Which study investigated conformity to social roles?
Zimbardo et al (1973) set up the Stanford Prison Experiment to investigate conformity to social roles.
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Which study argued that the Stanford prison experiment lacked realism?
Banuazizi and Movahedi (1975) argued that the participants were merely acting rather than genuinely conforming to the role, based on stereotypes of how they thought real prisoners and guards should behave.
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Which study argues that the participants behaved as though the prison was real?
McDermott (2019) argues that the participants behaved as though the prison was real, shown by the fact that 90% of their conversations were about prison life.
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Which study argues that most of the guards were able to resist the pressure to conform to a brutal role?
Zimbardo (2007), most of the guards did not behave brutally to the prisoners, but tried to apply the rules fairly or sympathised with them.
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Which study designed a baseline procedure that could be used to assess obedience levels?
Milgram (1963) designed a baseline procedure that could be used to assess obedience levels.
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What were the findings of Milgram (1963)?
All participants delivered all the shocks up to 300 volts. 65% of participants continued to the highest level of 450 volts. Participants showed signs of stress, and three had uncontrollable seizures. 84% said they were glad to have participated.
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What research supports Milgram (1963)?
Beauvois et al (2012) investigated obedience of participants who thought they were appearing on a game show and found that 80% of the participants delivered the maximum shock of 460 volts to an apparently unconscious man.
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Which study argues that Milgram (1963) had low internal validity?
Perry (2013) found that half of the participants did not believe the shocks were real and were responding to demand characteristics.
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Which study found gender differences in obedience rates?
Sheridan and King (1972) found that rates of obedience were higher in women than men.
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Which study made variations on Milgram (1963)?
Milgram (1974) studied variations of the original baseline experiment.
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How did Milgram (1974) show the effect of proximity to the victim?
Milgram (1974) found that obedience dropped from the original 65% to 40% when the learner and teacher were in the same room.
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How did Milgram (1974) show the effect of proximity to the authority figure?
When the experimenter left the room and gave the teacher instructions on the telephone, obedience reduced from the original 65% to 20.5%, with participants frequently pretending to give shocks.
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How did Milgram (1974) show the effect of location on obedience?
Milgram’s original (1963) study was conducted at prestigious Yale university. Milgram (1974) conducted a variation in a run-down office block where obedience rates dropped to 47.5%.
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How did Milgram (1974) show the effect of uniform on obedience?
In a variation of the experiment where a confederate wearing everyday clothes was in charge, rather than an experimenter in a lab coat, the obedience rate dropped from the original 65% to 20%.
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Which study shows the impact of uniform on obedience?
Bickman (1974) conducted a field experiment where passers-by were more obedient to orders to pick up rubbish from a confederate dressed as a security guard (38%) than one dressed as a milkman (14%).
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Which study replicated Milgram's findings about the effect of proximity in another country?
Meeus and Raajimakers (1986) ordered Dutch participants to say stressful things in an interview with a confederate. 90% of the participants obeyed. When the person giving the orders was not present, obedience decreased dramatically.
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Which study argued that the situational perspective has ethical implications?
Mandel (1998) argues that it offers an alibi for evil behaviour. He argues that it is offensive to Holocaust survivors to suggest that the Nazis were simply obeying orders, implying that they were victims of situational factors beyond their control.
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Which study proposed the agentic shift as an explanation of obedience?
Milgram (1974) proposed that obedience to authority occurs due to the agentic state.
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What research supports the agentic state?
In Milgram (1963), once the experimenter told the participant that they were responsible for any harm done to the learner, the participants often went through the procedure quickly and with no further objections.
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Which study shows an instance of disobedience to authority figures?
Rank and Jacobson (1977) found that 16 out of 28 nurses disobeyed orders from a doctor to administer an excessive drug dose to a patient.
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Which studies support legitimacy of authority?
Milgram's (1974) uniform variation and Bickman (1974).
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Which study proposed the authoritarian personality as a dispositional explanation of obedience?
Adorno et al (1950) argued that people with an authoritarian personality were especially susceptible to obeying authority figures.
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What research supports the authoritarian personality?
Elms and Milgram (1966) interviewed a small sample of the participants of Milgram’s original studies who had been completely obedient.
and found that they scored significantly higher on the F-scale than a comparison group of disobedient participants.
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Which study shows the importance of non-dispositional factors on obedience?
Middendorp and Meleon (1990) found that less-educated people are more authoritarian and more obedient than the well-educated.
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Which study shows that the F-scale is politically biased?
Christie and Jahoda (1954) argued that the F-scale only measures the tendency towards extreme right-wing authoritarianism whilst ignoring left-wing authoritarian ideologies, such as Chinese Maoism or Russian Bolshevism.
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Which study argues that the F-scale is methodologically flawed?
Greenstein (1969) argues that the F-scale is methodologically flawed. For example, it is possible to get a high score just by selecting ‘agree’ answers, which means that anyone with this response bias is assessed as having an authoritarian personality.
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What study shows the role of social support in resisting conformity?
Asch (1955) found that when there was a dissenter who gave the correct answer, conformity rates decreased from 32% to 5.5% and when the dissenter disagreed with the genuine participant, conformity dropped to 9%.
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What study shows the role of social support in resisting obedience?
In a variation of Milgram’s experiment, obedience rates dropped from 65% to 10% when the participant was joined by a disobedient confederate.
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Which study supports the role of social support in resisting conformity?
Albrecht et al (2006) evaluated Teen Fresh Start USA, a programme to help adolescents to resist peer pressure to smoke, where teens who had a 'buddy' were less likely to smoke than a control group.
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Which study supports the role of social support in resisting obedience?
Gamson et al (1982) asked participants to produce evidence that would help an oil company run a smear campaign and found high levels of disobedience (88%) in their study due to the fact that the participants were in groups to discuss their orders.
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Which study proposed locus of control as an explanation of resistance to social influence?
Rotter (1966) proposed locus of control to explain individual differences in conformity and obedience.
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What research supports the effect of locus of control on obedience?
Holland (1967) repeated Milgram’s baseline study and measured the participants’ locus of control and found that internals had a higher disobedience rate (37%) than externals (23%).
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What research supports the effect of locus of control on conformity?
Avtgis (1998) conducted a meta-analysis into studies investigating the effect of locus of control on conformity and found that those with a higher external locus of control were easier persuaded and more likely to conform than those with an internal locus
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Which study challenges the effect of locus of control on obedience?
Twenge et al (2004) analysed data from 40 years of American locus of control studies and found that people became more resistant to obedience but also more external.
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Which study suggests that locus of control is a limited explanation of resistance to social influence?
Rotter (1982) argues that locus of control may not be the most important factor as it only affects new situations. If you have conformed or obeyed in a specific situation in the past, it is likely that you will do so again regardless of whether you have a
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Which study reversed Asch's experiment?
Moscovici (1969) investigated minority social influence by reversing Asch’s experiment, using a group of two confederates and four genuine participants. He showed the group blue-coloured slides and asked them to identify the colour. The confederates answe
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What were the findings of Moscovici (1969)?
The participants agreed with the consistent confederates on 8.42% of the trials whilst the participants agreed with the inconsistent confederates on 1.25% of the trials.
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Which study supports the role of consistency on minority influence?
Wood et al (1994) found in a meta-analysis of almost 100 similar studies that consistent minority groups were more successful in affecting the majority than those who were not.
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Which study found that flexibility is important for minority influence?
Nemeth (1986) found that a flexible minority can have greater influence on a majority than a consistent minority.
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Which study highlights the role of conformity on social change?
Asch’s (1955) variation where one confederate acted as a dissenter and conformity rates decreased from 32% to 5.5% or 9% shows how dissent has the potential to lead to social change.
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Which study suggested the role of obedience on social change?
Zimbardo (2007) suggested how obedience can be used to create social change through the process of gradual commitment.
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Which study supports the role of normative social influence on social change?
Nolan et al (2008) found that there were significant decreases in energy usage when using normative messages on front doors compared to a control group where messages made no reference to other people’s behaviour.
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Which study challenges the role of minority influence on social change?
Bashir et al (2013) found that participants were less likely to behave in environmentally-friendly ways because they did not want to be associated with stereotypical minority ‘environmentalists’, describing them in negative ways, such as ‘tree huggers’.
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Which study explains conformity using a dual process dependency model?

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Deutsch and Gerard (1955) developed a dual process dependency model which explains two reasons why people conform.

Card 3

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Which study supports normative social influence?

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Card 4

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Which study is evidence of individual differences in the desire for social acceptance?

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Card 5

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What research supports informational social influence?

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