Social Influence - Jack Edwards (Work in progress).
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- Created by: GreenGooSnake
- Created on: 27-04-22 13:01
What is social influence?
The change in behaviour that someone causes in another - either intentionally or unintentionally.
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What is conformity?
The process that someone's behaviour, attitude, opinions etc are modified by the presence or actions of others.
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What are the 3 types of conformity? Are they shallow or deep? Temporary or permanent?
1. Compliance - Shallow - Temporary.
2. Identification - Bit of both - Temporary.
3. Internalisation - Deep - Permanent.
2. Identification - Bit of both - Temporary.
3. Internalisation - Deep - Permanent.
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What is compliance? Can you give an example?
Where they conform publicly but not privately. E.g. I say to my friends I hate the new Batman, but in reality, I privately loved it.
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What is identification?
Where the person conforms publicly AND privately because they have identified with the group and feel a sense of membership. E.g. I'm quiet in college, but loud at home.
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What is internalisation?
Where the person conforms publicly and privately because they have internalised and genuinely accepted the views of the group norm. E.g. I believed that WandaVision was good when I first watched it, but after listening to others think it's ok.
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What are the 2 explanations of conformity?
1. Normative Social Influence.
2. Informational Social Influence.
2. Informational Social Influence.
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What is Normative Social Influence? Can you give an example?
Changing behaviour as we want to 'fit in', as we should be liked and accepted if we do. Associated with compliance.
E.g. You think a films good, but your friends think it sucks, so you lie and agree with them publicly as you want to fit in.
E.g. You think a films good, but your friends think it sucks, so you lie and agree with them publicly as you want to fit in.
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What is Informational Social Influence? Can you give an example?
Agreeing with the majority as we believe they are correct, and we desire to be right too. Associated with internalisation.
E.g. Not knowing who to vote for, but after listening to your family you vote the same as them as you believe they made good points
E.g. Not knowing who to vote for, but after listening to your family you vote the same as them as you believe they made good points
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Give a strength of explanations of conformity.
1. NSI is supported by research - Asch found people would give a wrong answer to an obvious question just because they felt self-conscious going against the group - Strength as it's a lab experiment, so reduces extraneous variables, but lacks EcV.
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Give another strength of explanations of conformity.
ISI is supported by research - Sherif found that when a task has no obvious answer people are more likely to look for others for help - Strength as it shows when stuck, people want to do the right thing so will ask others, and can be explained by ISI.
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Give one weakness of explanations for conformity.
NSI is affected by individual differences - Some people care more about being liked by the group than others so will conform more - we don't fully understand why people conform to be liked, so reliability is low as there are no consistent results.
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Give another weakness of explanations for conformity.
Smith and Bond there are cultural differences in NSI between Western and Eastern countries - People from Western cultures are more individualistic, whereas Eastern cultures are more likely to value other groups needs before their own, they're collectivist
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Summarise Jenness' study on confromity.
1. Estimate number of beans in a bottle INDIVIDUALLY.
2. Estimate number a GROUP ESTIMATE.
3. Asked to make another INDIVIDUAL estimate, found number had shifted towards the group estimate.
2. Estimate number a GROUP ESTIMATE.
3. Asked to make another INDIVIDUAL estimate, found number had shifted towards the group estimate.
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Summarise Sherif's study.
Lab experiment, used autokinetic effect.
Found estimates on how far light moved varied. Tested in groupsof3, manipulated so 2/3 were similar. Had to say aloud how far they thought.
Mostly, the 1/3 conformed, so most don't make individual judgements.
Found estimates on how far light moved varied. Tested in groupsof3, manipulated so 2/3 were similar. Had to say aloud how far they thought.
Mostly, the 1/3 conformed, so most don't make individual judgements.
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What type of sampling did Asch use?
Volunteer sampling.
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Asch sample size.
123 male undergraduates. Tested with a group of confederates between 6-8.
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Asch procedure.
1. Two white cards, 'standard line' and 3 'comparison lines'.
2. One comparison was the same as standard, the others different lengths.
3. Asked which of the 3 lines matched the standard.
2. One comparison was the same as standard, the others different lengths.
3. Asked which of the 3 lines matched the standard.
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Asch results.
1. Confederates gave right answers for first 6, but gave the same wrong answer on 12 critical trials.
2. Naïve was wrong 36.8% of the time.
3. 75% of the 123 conformed at least once.
2. Naïve was wrong 36.8% of the time.
3. 75% of the 123 conformed at least once.
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What is the Asch effect?
The term used to describe the extent to which participants conform even when the situation is unambiguous.
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Asch conclusions.
Most people conformed to avoid rejection, showing normative social influence.
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3 Factors affecting conformity
1. Task difficulty.
2. Group size.
3. Unanimity of the group.
2. Group size.
3. Unanimity of the group.
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How did Asch change the task difficulty? What did he conclude?
Made the comparison lines more difficult to differentiate between. Conformity increased, want to be right.
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How did Asch change the group size? What did he conclude?
Changed the amount of confederates. Found that as confederates increased by up to 3, conformity increased. Any more made no difference.
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How did Asch change the unanimity of the group?
He added a non-conforming confederate. This reduced conformity levels , allowing the naïve to behave more independently.
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How did Asch deceive participants? Why? How was it overcome?
1. Thought study was about visual testing, not about social influence, also not told about confederates.
2. To see how often the naïve conforms.
3. Given a debrief afterwards.
2. To see how often the naïve conforms.
3. Given a debrief afterwards.
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How did Asch receive informed consent? Why not? How was it overcome?
1. He didn't, they PPS didn't know all the details (thought it was visual testing).
2. So they wouldn't conform.
3. Debrief, asked for retrospective consent.
2. So they wouldn't conform.
3. Debrief, asked for retrospective consent.
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How did Asch cause harm to PPS? Why? How was this overcome?
1. Participants may have felt embarrassed, or may have felt stupid.
2. No real reason, just part of the experiment.
3. Write a debrief and offer help for future reference.
2. No real reason, just part of the experiment.
3. Write a debrief and offer help for future reference.
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Did Asch give PPS the right to withdraw? Why or why not? How was it overcome?
1. Yes.
2. They had to be given it HOWEEVR they weren't reminded to withdraw and sat very far away from the door.
3. If they'd of been debriefed beforehand, they would've displayed demand characteristics.
2. They had to be given it HOWEEVR they weren't reminded to withdraw and sat very far away from the door.
3. If they'd of been debriefed beforehand, they would've displayed demand characteristics.
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Give one strength of Asch's research.
P - Lab experiment
E - Controlled environment, decreased chances of conformity as they were second to last to answer.
C - C+E found, increasing validity. 123 PPS, so results were consistent, increasing reliability.
E - Controlled environment, decreased chances of conformity as they were second to last to answer.
C - C+E found, increasing validity. 123 PPS, so results were consistent, increasing reliability.
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Give a weakness of Asch's experiment.
P - Lacks ecological validity.
E = Lab experiment so it's controlled, Asch controlled unanimity, size, difficulty.
C - Non generalisable, reducing validity.
E = Lab experiment so it's controlled, Asch controlled unanimity, size, difficulty.
C - Non generalisable, reducing validity.
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Give another weakness of Asch's experiment.
P - Low sample size.
E - 123 American undergraduates, androcentric and ethnocentric.
C - Cannot be generalised to the wider population as they may not be accurate to everyone, especially females. Low validity.
E - 123 American undergraduates, androcentric and ethnocentric.
C - Cannot be generalised to the wider population as they may not be accurate to everyone, especially females. Low validity.
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Give a third weakness of Asch's research.
P - Lacks temporal validity.
E - 1950's America didn't have social media, and now women have a larger role in society.
C - Supporting evidence shows a 0% conformity rate 30 years later, lowering temporal validity and reliability.
E - 1950's America didn't have social media, and now women have a larger role in society.
C - Supporting evidence shows a 0% conformity rate 30 years later, lowering temporal validity and reliability.
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Zimbardo aims
1. To see if individuals will conform to social roles.
2. To see if individuals would behave in an evil way.
2. To see if individuals would behave in an evil way.
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Zimbardo sample size and method.
24 Male students from Stanford University, California. Used volunteer sampling.
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What were the participants told the 2 roles were?
1. Prisoners - spend 2 weeks locked in 'cells' in a wing of the University.
2. Guards - Look after and keep prisoners under control.
2. Guards - Look after and keep prisoners under control.
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What ACTUALLY happened to the prisoners?
1. Arrested unexpectedly at home.
2. Stripped, deloused, and given a prison uniform and number they were called by.
3. Spend 23 hours a day in the cell for 2 weeks.
2. Stripped, deloused, and given a prison uniform and number they were called by.
3. Spend 23 hours a day in the cell for 2 weeks.
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What were the prison guards given? Did they have shifts?
1. Given uniforms, including sticks and mirrored sunglasses.
2. Worked shifts and went home at the end of theirs.
2. Worked shifts and went home at the end of theirs.
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How long did the study ACTUALLY last?
6 days.
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What were the 2 findings about the prisoners?
1. They asked for PAROLE instead of TO LEAVE.
2. FIVE prisoners had to be released early due to breakdowns.
2. FIVE prisoners had to be released early due to breakdowns.
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What were the 3 findings about the Guards?
1. Made them do degrading activities such as clean the toilets with their bare hands.
2. Woke them at night.
3. Taunted prisoners, making them sing etc.
2. Woke them at night.
3. Taunted prisoners, making them sing etc.
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What did Zimbardo conclude?
That individuals do conform to social roles based on the accepted behaviour for that role.
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Did Zimbardo receive informed consent?
Agreed to being in prison, just not being arrested int heir own homes.
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Did Zimbardo deceive volunteers?
Yes, didn't mention they'd be arrested or that Zimbardo was chief prison guard.
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Did Zimbardo respect the right to withdraw?
No, participants had to say I wish to withdraw, but participants asked for parole instead, conforming to their new social role.
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Did Zimbardo protect participants from harm?
No, prison guards were abusive, and made them do degrading activities. Plus, neighbours would've thought they were being arrested.
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Give one strength of Zimbardos study?
P- Practical application
E - Abu Ghraib where Israel soldiers were tortured by Americans
C - Shows people will conform if they look the part. Useful as it helps with rehab as it's controlled.
E - Abu Ghraib where Israel soldiers were tortured by Americans
C - Shows people will conform if they look the part. Useful as it helps with rehab as it's controlled.
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Give another strength of Zimbardos study.
P - No researcher bias.
E - Volunteer sampling from Stanford Uni, random allocation to roles.
C - Means Zimbardo was objective, limits research bias and increases validity.
E - Volunteer sampling from Stanford Uni, random allocation to roles.
C - Means Zimbardo was objective, limits research bias and increases validity.
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Give one weakness of Zimbardos study.
P - Unethical.
E - Didn't agree to arresting or abuse and brutality. Had right to withdraw but had to say specific words.
C - Psychological harm, reducing replicability.
E - Didn't agree to arresting or abuse and brutality. Had right to withdraw but had to say specific words.
C - Psychological harm, reducing replicability.
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Give another weakness of Zimbardos study.
P - Not generalisable.
E - Volunteer sampling from an American Uni, 24 students. So it's androcentric and ethnocentric.
C - Low population validity.
E - Volunteer sampling from an American Uni, 24 students. So it's androcentric and ethnocentric.
C - Low population validity.
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Milgram sampling size and method.
1. 40 Male participants 20-50 years of age.
2. Volunteer sampling, offered $4.50 to take part.
2. Volunteer sampling, offered $4.50 to take part.
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Milgram aims.
Wanted to find out whether Nazi soldiers were willing to kill all the Jews, all said they were following orders. Milgram wanted to see if this had any truth to it.
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What was Milgrams study advertised as?
A memory test, when it was actually an obedience study.
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Where did Milgrams study take place?
Yale University.
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How was the experiment set up?
1. 2 confederates, the experimenter and the other 'participant'.
2. Naive drew slips to be either learner or teacher, but it was rigged so they'd always get teacher.
2. Naive drew slips to be either learner or teacher, but it was rigged so they'd always get teacher.
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How would the naive know the experiment wasn't fake? What did they see?
The teacher saw the learner being strapped into the chair and wired with electrodes, and experienced a 45v shock, before being separated into different rooms.
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The experiment kept increasing the volts given to the learner after every wrong answer, what happened at 300v?
This was an intense shock, the teacher heard the learner pound on the walls shouting to stop, after this, no noise, not even answers.
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If the teacher wanted guidance off the experimenter, what were the 4 standard prods given?
1. Please continue/go on.
2. The experiment requires you to go on.
3. It is absolutely essential that you continue.
4. You have no choice, you must go on.
2. The experiment requires you to go on.
3. It is absolutely essential that you continue.
4. You have no choice, you must go on.
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What were Milgrams quantitative findings?
1. Nobody stopped before 300v.
2. 12.5% stopped at 300v.
3. 65% continued to 450v.
2. 12.5% stopped at 300v.
3. 65% continued to 450v.
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What were Milgrams qualitative findings?
1. Many shown nervousness and tension.
2. Sweating, biting lips, trembling etc.
3. 14/40 participants shown nervous smiling or laughter.
4. 3/40 had uncontrollable seizures.
2. Sweating, biting lips, trembling etc.
3. 14/40 participants shown nervous smiling or laughter.
4. 3/40 had uncontrollable seizures.
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What were Milgrams post-event findings?
1. 84% glad they took part - felt they learnt something about themselves.
2. Only a small number wished they hadn't.
2. Only a small number wished they hadn't.
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What were Milgrams conclusions?
People will obey orders of an authority because they pass the responsibility on to the authority figure, believing it is not their fault or their problem.
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Describe an experiment that supports Milgram.
Hofling used 22 Nurses, had them recieve a phone call to administer a lethal dosage of a drug to a patient by Dr Smith despite the fact they can't take orders through call. 21/22 tried.
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How does Hofling support Milgram?
It's a field experiment so it has high eco val and is more easily generalised..
It shows people will bend to authority if they can pass the blame to an authoritative figure.
It shows people will bend to authority if they can pass the blame to an authoritative figure.
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Did Milgram deceive participants? How? Why? How was it overcome?
1. They weren't told the learner was a confederate and that they weren't getting shocked, told it was a memory test and that they had an equal chance of being teacher.
2. So no demand C.
3. Debrief.
2. So no demand C.
3. Debrief.
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Did Milgram get informed consent? How? Why? How was it overcome?
1. Consented to a memory test, not obedience.
2. So participants wouldn't have expectations and DC wouldn't be shown.
3. In debrief, gained retrospective consent.
2. So participants wouldn't have expectations and DC wouldn't be shown.
3. In debrief, gained retrospective consent.
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Did Milgram protect participants from harm? How? Why? How was it overcome?
1.No physical harm, but Naives were psychologically. 14/40 were nervously smiling or laughing. 3/40 had seizures.
2. Part of the experiment.
3. Offered help in debrief and seizure victims got medical help.
2. Part of the experiment.
3. Offered help in debrief and seizure victims got medical help.
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Did Milgram respect the right to withdraw? How? Why? How was it overcome?
1. Could withdraw, just wasn't allowed to ask to leave or stop (35% did stop at some point).
2. To see how far participants would go in response to authority.
3. Could still leave.
2. To see how far participants would go in response to authority.
3. Could still leave.
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Did Milgram respect confidentiality?
Technically, but you could still see the faces of the individuals.
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One strength of Milgram's research?
P - Lab experiment.
E - Confederates, controlled roles, controlled grunts, controlled environment.
C - High control over extraneous variables and direct C+E, increasing validity, but lacks EV and mundane realism.
E - Confederates, controlled roles, controlled grunts, controlled environment.
C - High control over extraneous variables and direct C+E, increasing validity, but lacks EV and mundane realism.
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One weakness of Milgrams's research?
P - Unethical.
E - Told it was a memory test, psychological harm with 3/40 having seizures.
C - Reduces reputation of psychology, and reduces validity due to low replicability.
E - Told it was a memory test, psychological harm with 3/40 having seizures.
C - Reduces reputation of psychology, and reduces validity due to low replicability.
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Another weakness of Milgram's research?
P - Unrealistic sample.
E - 40 American male volunteers, ethnocentric and androcentric.
C - Lacks population validity, so not fully generalisable.
E - 40 American male volunteers, ethnocentric and androcentric.
C - Lacks population validity, so not fully generalisable.
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Third weakness of Milgram's research?
P - Lacks validity.
E - Conducted in a lab using olunteers, lacks eco val. Androcentric and ethnocentric.
C - Reduces the accuracy of the results and psychologies reputation.
E - Conducted in a lab using olunteers, lacks eco val. Androcentric and ethnocentric.
C - Reduces the accuracy of the results and psychologies reputation.
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What are the 4 situational factors affecting obedience?
1. Proximity to the authority figure.
2. Proximity to the 'victim'.
3. Location.
4. Uniform.
2. Proximity to the 'victim'.
3. Location.
4. Uniform.
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How did Milgram change the proximity to the authority figure? What effect occurred? Why?
1. Authority figure not in the room, but on the phone instead.
2. Obedience levels dropped from 65% to 20.5%.
3. Didn't have anyone near so blame can't be passed off as easy.
2. Obedience levels dropped from 65% to 20.5%.
3. Didn't have anyone near so blame can't be passed off as easy.
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How did Milgram change the proximity to the authority figure? What effect occurred? Why?
1. Learner in same room as teacher - 40%.
2. Teacher had to place hand of learner on electric plate - 30%.
3. Obey less because they can see the pain and take more responsibility.
2. Teacher had to place hand of learner on electric plate - 30%.
3. Obey less because they can see the pain and take more responsibility.
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How did Milgram change the location? What effect occurred? Why?
1. Conducted in a rundown building with broken windows etc.
2. 47.5%.
3. Atmosphere is more 'dodgy' and don't want to be there. Suggests it might not be a professional study.
2. 47.5%.
3. Atmosphere is more 'dodgy' and don't want to be there. Suggests it might not be a professional study.
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How did Milgram change the uniform? What effect occurred? Why?
1. Experimenter started with a lab coat, left the room for a call, then someone in plain clothes entered to continue.
2. 20%.
3. Looks less professional, looks kinder.
2. 20%.
3. Looks less professional, looks kinder.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is conformity?
Back
The process that someone's behaviour, attitude, opinions etc are modified by the presence or actions of others.
Card 3
Front
What are the 3 types of conformity? Are they shallow or deep? Temporary or permanent?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is compliance? Can you give an example?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is identification?
Back
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