Semantics

?
What is denotation?
The semantic output of the grammar.
1 of 36
What is sense?
Meaning, sense of an expression. Found in a dictionary.
2 of 36
What is reference?
Refers to denote and denotation. A speaker refers to something. You can't use a verb to refer to something.
3 of 36
What is a sentence?
Syntactic structure, abstract, cannot see or hear it.
4 of 36
What is an utterance?
Pronounced, can hear it, always unique, concrete.
5 of 36
What is a preposition?
Meaning of the sentence, true or false, abstract.
6 of 36
What is entailment?
Synonym of 'to imply'. For entailment to occur, both sides of the preposition have to be true or false.
7 of 36
What is synonymy?
When 2 words have the same sense, often happens with adjectives.
8 of 36
Describe 2 way entailment.
Occurs when the preposition entailment works both ways. Will often happen with synonymy, as if they are synonymous then there's no way one can be true and one can be false.
9 of 36
What are complementaries?
Words that are opposite but go together. E.g. right/wrong, true/false, connected/disconnected...
10 of 36
What are antonyms?
The opposite of synonyms. When 2 words are opposite in meaning. These have a middle ground.
11 of 36
What are converses?
For converses, both words have 2 arguments and we switch the order. This allows for 2 way entailment as long as you switch them. E.g. mother/child example does not work.
12 of 36
What is gradability?
A characteristic of many antonyms, whereby we make comparative and superlative forms. Comparative forms allow for gradability.
13 of 36
What are biased versus unbiased forms?
The less biased version is the one that does not make assumptions and works on a scale. It is the option we would tend to opt for by default.
14 of 36
What is intersective modification?
When we combine 2 groups of entities. Works when we have 2 concrete ideas.
15 of 36
What is non-intersective modification?
Perhaps when the adjective is unclear. E.g. imaginary bicycle. We do not have a concrete image of the adjective 'imaginary'
16 of 36
How do we check for modification?
We create prepositions from the example, then check for 2 way entailment.
17 of 36
What is the difference between prototypical and atypical entities?
Prototypical entities have all typical features. Atypical entities do not, but may be referred to by the same name.
18 of 36
What is transitivity?
R = sense relation. A verb in examples.

R is transitive if the following holds:

If X R Y and Y R Z then X R Z.
19 of 36
Are the relations of hyponymy and superordinates transitive?
Yes.
20 of 36
What is causativity?
This refers to verbs. A causative sentence has a causative verb, and vice versa.
21 of 36
What are the 2 types of intransitive verbs?
Unergative (have an agent), Unaccusative (argument is not understood as an argument).

If the argument is an agent, they are in control. If they are not an agent, something happens out of their control.
22 of 36
How do we test for ergativity?
If we can add 'carefully' after the verb'.
23 of 36
What are the 4 situation types?
State, Activity, Accomplishment, Achievement
24 of 36
What is Test 1?
Compatibility with 'to stop'.
If this works, we have a state, activity or accomplishment. This rules out achievement.
25 of 36
What is Test 2?
Compatibility with the progressive aspect.

If this works, it rules out state and achievement, so we have either an activity or accomplishment.
26 of 36
What is Test 3?
Compatibility with 'again'.

We try to add again, but want it in the restitutive sense, not repetitive.
If it is compatible in the restitutive sense, then we have an accomplishment. If it is in the repetitive sense, we rule out accomplishment.
27 of 36
What are the 5 connectives in prepositional logic?
∧ - conjunction.
∨ - disjunction
→ - implication
¬ - one place connective. negation.
= equivalence
28 of 36
What is the truth table for conjunction?
p q (p∧q)
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
29 of 36
What is the truth table for negation?
p (¬p)
T F
F T
30 of 36
What is the truth table for disjunction?
p q (p∧q)
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
31 of 36
What is the truth table for implication?
p q (p→q)
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
32 of 36
What is the truth table for equivalence?
(both should be true or false)

p q (p=q)
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
33 of 36
What is the composite truth table for entailment?
p. q
T. ->. T
F. ->. T or F
F <- F
T or F <- T
34 of 36
What is the composite truth table for presupposition?
p. q
T -> T
F -> T
T or F <- T
?F <- F
35 of 36
What are syllogisms?
Schemas of argumentation that make logically valid arguments.
36 of 36

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is sense?

Back

Meaning, sense of an expression. Found in a dictionary.

Card 3

Front

What is reference?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is a sentence?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is an utterance?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar English Language resources:

See all English Language resources »See all Semantics Revision resources »