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6. what are the relations of the phrenic n.

  • left runs by pericardium, right runs anterior to vertebral bodies and sympathetic trunk
  • left runs anterior to vertebral bodies and sympathetic trunk, right runs by pericardium
  • left runs by pericardium, right runs around aorta and around oesophagus to the diaphragm
  • left runs around aorta and around oesophagus to the diaphragm, right runs anterior to vertebral bodies and sympathetic trunk

7. which muscles are used in passive inspiration

  • external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
  • internal intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
  • external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
  • internal intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract

8. what are the accessory muscles

  • trapezius, deltoid, sternocleidomastoid, pec maj. and min. and serratus anterior
  • trapezius,deltoid, sternocleidomastoid, pec maj.and lattimus dorsi
  • Scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pec maj. and min., serratus anterior and lattimus dorsi
  • Scalene, trapezius, deltoid, serratus anterior and lattimus dorsi

9. what is the nerve supply of the diaphragm

  • hypoglossal
  • vagus
  • phrenic
  • trigeminal

10. how many anterior intercostal arteries are there and where do they arise from

  • 9. 1-6 from musculophrenic branch , 7-10 from internal thoracic artery
  • 11. 1-2 from superior intercostal artery, 3-11 from descending thoracic aorta
  • 11. 1-2 from musculophrenic branch , 3-11 from internal thoracic artery
  • 9. 1-6 from descending thoracic aorta, 7-10 from superior intercostal artery
  • 9. 1-6 from internal thoracic artery, 7-10 from musculophrenic branch
  • 11. 1-2 from descending thoracic aorta, 3-11 from superior intercostal artery
  • 11. 1-2 from internal thoracic artery, 3-11 from musculophrenic branch
  • 9. 1-6 from superior intercostal artery, 7-10 from descending thoracic aorta

11. what are the attachments of the pec major

  • clavicle and sternocostal
  • ribs 3-5 and the coracoid process of the scapula
  • ribs 3-5 and sternocostal
  • clavicle and the coracoid process of the scapula

12. what structures run through the superior thoracic aperture

  • oesophagus, trachea, internal carotid artery, external jugular vein
  • oesophagus, trachea, subclavian artery and vein, internal carotid artery, external jugular vein
  • oesophagus, trachea, subclavian artery and vein, common carotid artery, internal jugular vein
  • oesophagus, trachea, common carotid artery, internal jugular vein
  • oesophagus, trachea, subclavian artery and vein, common carotid artery, external jugular vein

13. what is the action of the pectorals minor

  • abducts arm, flexion and extension
  • pulling down the mandible (opening the mouth) and pulling the corners or the mouth (frowning)
  • depresses scapular, accessory respiration
  • adducts and medially rotates humerus; extends and flexes arm
  • protraction and rotation of scapular

14. what structures pass the diaphragm

  • inferior vena cava at T8 (through muscle), oesophagus at T10 (through tendon), aorta at T12 (behind)
  • oesophagus at T8 (through muscle), inferior vena cava at T10 (through tendon), aorta at T12 (behind)
  • oesophagus at T8 (through tendon), inferior vena cava at T10 (through muscle), aorta at T12 (behind)
  • inferior vena cava at T8 (behind), oesophagus at T10 (through muscle), aorta at T12 (through tendon)
  • inferior vena cava at T8 (through tendon), oesophagus at T10 (through muscle), aorta at T12 (behind)
  • aorta at T8 (behind), oesophagus at T10 (through muscle), inferior vena cava at T12 (through tendon)

15. what are lactiferous ducts

  • sebaceous glands that enlarge
  • conical/cyclindrical prominences
  • buds that appear like spikes on a bike wheel
  • exocrine modified sweat glands that produce milk
  • suspensory ligaments attaching mammary glands to dermis of skin

16. what is the action of the serratus anterior

  • pulling down the mandible (opening the mouth) and pulling the corners or the mouth (frowning)
  • protraction and rotation of scapular
  • adducts and medially rotates humerus; extends and flexes arm
  • abducts arm, flexion and extension
  • depresses scapular, accessory respiration

17. where do posterior intercostal veins drain to

  • 2nd - 4th left posterior intercostal -> left superior intercostal ->accessory hemiazygous -> azygous -> svc.5th - 8th left posterior intercostal -> accessory hemiazygous -> azygous -> svc. 9th -11th left posterior intercostal ->hemiazygous -> azygous -> s
  • 2nd - 4th right posterior intercostal -> right superior intercostal ->accessory hemiazygous -> azygous -> svc.5th - 8th right posterior intercostal -> accessory hemiazygous -> azygous -> svc. 9th -12th right posterior intercostal ->hemiazygous -> azygous -> svc. 2nd-4th left posterior intercostal -> left superior intercostal vein -> azygous -> svc. 5-12th left posterior intercostal -> azygous -> svc.
  • 2nd - 4th right posterior intercostal -> right superior intercostal ->accessory hemiazygous -> azygous -> svc.5th - 8th right posterior intercostal -> accessory hemiazygous -> azygous -> svc. 9th -11th right posterior intercostal ->hemiazygous -> azygous -> svc. 2nd-4th left posterior intercostal -> left superior intercostal vein -> azygous -> svc. 5-11th left posterior intercostal -> azygous -> svc.
  • 1st - 4th left posterior intercostal -> left superior intercostal ->accessory hemiazygous -> azygous -> svc.5th - 8th left posterior intercostal -> accessory hemiazygous -> azygous -> svc. 9th -11th left posterior intercostal ->hemiazygous -> azygous -> svc. 1st-4th right posterior intercostal ->right superior intercostal vein -> azygous -> svc. 5-11th right posterior intercostal -> azygous -> svc.

18. what vessels form the hemiazygous vein

  • SVC
  • left ascending lumbar and left subcostal
  • right ascending lumbar and right subcostal
  • internal thorasic and musculophrenic
  • subclavian

19. what are the costotranverse and costovertebral joints

  • costotranverse: where the tubercle on the neck of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae. costovertebral: where the articular facet on the head of the rib articulates with the inferior costal facet on the corresponding vertebrae and the superior costal facet of the vertebrae above
  • costotranverse: where the tubercle on the head of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae. costovertebral: where the articular facet on the neck of the rib articulates with the superior costal facet on the corresponding vertebrae and the inferior costal facet of the vertebrae above
  • costotranverse: where the tubercle on the neck of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae. costovertebral: where the articular facet on the head of the rib articulates with the superior costal facet on the corresponding vertebrae
  • costotranverse: where the articular facet on the head of the rib articulates with the superior costal facet on the corresponding vertebrae and the inferior costal facet of the vertebrae above costovertebral: where the tubercle on the neck of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae.

20. what are venae comitantes

  • a vein running alongside an artery. the pulsations of the artery aid venous return
  • a pair of veins running alongside an artery. the pulsations of the artery aid venous return
  • a pair of arteries running alongside a vein. the pulsations of the arteries aid venous return
  • when veins anastamose with one another