Schizophrenia studies

Which study found that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is reliable?

Osorio et al (2019) found high reliability of the diagnosis of schizophrenia in 180 individuals. Inter-rater reliability was +.97 and test-retest reliability was +.92.

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Which study found that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is not reliable?

Whaley (2001) found inter-rater reliability correlations in the diagnosis of schizophrenia as low as 0.11.

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Which study found that the diagnosis of schizophrenia has low criterion validity?

Cheniaux et al (2009) assessed the same 100 clients using the CD-10 criteria and the DSM-IV criteria and found low criterion validity between the two measures.

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Which study found that schzophrenia frequently occurs with other disorders?

Buckley et al. (2009) found that half of the patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia also had a diagnosis of depression (50%) or substance abuse (47%).

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Which study supports how symptom overlap could lead to misdiagnosis?

Ellason and Ross found that patients with Dissociative Identity Disorder actually have more schizophrenic symptoms than those diagnosed with schizophrenia.

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Which study found that black people are being discriminated against by a culturally-biased diagnostic system?

Escobar (2012) argued that predominantely white psychiatrists distrust the honesty of black people during diagnosis, which results in over-interpreting symptoms and over-diagnosis of black people.

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Which study argues that women are underdiagnosed due to being higher functioning?

Cotton et al (2009) argues that women are underdiagnosed because they have closer relationships and hence get support, which leads to women with schizophrenia often functioning better than men. This means women may therefore not be receiving treatment the

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What study proposes the cogitive explanation of negative symptoms?

Frith (1992) proposed central control dysfunction theory. This involves the inability to suppress automatic responses, which causes symptoms such as spech poverty and derailment because each word triggers new associations.

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Which research supports the cognitive explanation?

Stirling et al (2006) found that schizophrenics take twice as long on the Stroop test, which involves identifying the colour of a word rather than reading the word itself, as a control group.

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What is the practical application of the cognitive explanation?

CBTp is a successful therapy which encourages scrutiny and testing of delusions/hallucinations. NICE 2014 report found it was more successful than antipsychotics for reducing symptoms of schizophrenia.

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Which study proposed a more appropriate explanation?

Howes and Murray (2014) proposed the integrated model, where genetic vulnerability and social stressors sensitise the dopamine system. Then, biased cognitive processing of this increased dopamine activity leads to psychosis, more stress, and a cycle forms

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Which study proposed double-bind theory, and what is it?

Bateson et al (1956) proposed double-bind theory, which states that children who receive contradictory messages from their caregiver find themselves in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing because it is unclear what this is.

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Which research supports double bind theory?

Berger (1965) found that schizophrenics recall more double bind statements from their mothers than non-schizophrenics. However, this has validity issues - schizophrenia affects recall.

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Which research challenges double bind theory?

Liem (1974) found no difference between the parental communication in a family with a schizophrenic child and one without.

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What research supports expressed emotion?

Tienari et al (1994) found that adopted children with a schizophrenic biological parent were more likely to develop schizophrenia in a ‘disturbed’-rated adopted family.

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Which study found that there are individual differences in vulnerability to expressed emotion?

Altorfer et al. (1998) found that 25% of schizophrenia patients showed no response to stressful comments from their families. Some schizophrenic people relapse in families with low levels of expressed emotion and, some schizophrenic people do not relapse

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Which study found a neural correlate for avolition?

Juckel et al (2006) found that lower levels of activity in the ventral striatum, which is involved in anticipation of rewards/motivation, may cause avolition.

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Which study found a neural correlate for auditory hallucinations?

Allen et al (2007) found that those with schizophrenia had lower activation levels in the superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus when identifying pre-recorded speech as own or others than a control group, so this may corelate with auditory h

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Which study shows that neural correlates ignores the role of environmental factors in causing schizophrenia?

Tienari et al (1994) - adopted children with schizophrenic biological parent more likely to develop schizophrenia in a ‘disturbed’-rated adopted family

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Which study supports the recent version of the dopamine hypothesis?

Goldman-Rakic et al. (2004) found that hypodopaminergia in the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for decision making, may cause negative symptoms.

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Which research supports the effectiveness of antipsychotics?

Leucht et al. (2013) showed that anti-psychotics reduce symptoms of schizophrenia.

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Which research challenges the effectiveness of antipsychotics?

Noll (2009) argues that anti-psychotics don’t alleviate positive symptoms in about a third of patients. Furthermore, some people with schizophrenia experience positive symptoms despite having normal levels of dopamine.

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Which study supports the genetic explanation of schizophrenia?

Gottesman (1991) found that the concordance rate is higher for monozygotic twins (48%), who share 100% of their DNA, than dizygotic twins (17%), who share only 50% of their DNA.

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Which study argues that the environments of MZ and DZ twins are not equally similar?

Joseph (2004) argues that MZ twins are treated more similarly, encounter more similar environments (more likely to do things together) and experience more ‘identity confusion’ (being treated as ‘the twins’ rather than two distinct individuals) than DZ twi

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What research supports the effectiveness of typical antipsychotics?

Thornley et al. (2003) found that the typical antipsychotic chlorpromazine reduced symptom severity and led to better overall function, and lower relapse rates compared to a placebo.

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What research supports the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics?

Meltzer (2012) found that the atypical antipsychotic clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics, and it was effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.

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What research challenges the effectiveness of antipsychotics?

Healy (2012) suggested that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times which exaggerates the evidence for positive effects and the powerful sedative effect on patients does not mean that they reduce the severity of psychotic sympt

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Which research argues that antipsychotics may not work long-term?

Moncrieff (2013) argues that there is no evidence for antipsychotic long-term effectiveness. They are used in hospitals to sedate patients, making them easier for staff to work with, rather than benefitting the patients by reducing psychotic symptoms.

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Which research supports family therapy?

Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies and found that patients showed some improvement in social functioning and mental state and were less likely to relapse.

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Which research challenges family therapy?

Wu (2006) argues that many of the studies reviewed in Pharoah et al (2010) did not use random allocation.

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What research identified the economic benefits of family therapy?

The 2014 NICE review of family therapy studies demonstrated that it was associated with significant costs savings when offered to patients alongside the standard care as lower relapse rates reduce hospitalisation costs.

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Which research challenges family therapy?

Garety et al. (2008) failed to show any better outcomes for patients given family therapy compared to those that simply had carers who displayed low rates of expressed emotion. Both groups had low relapse rates compared to the no therapy/carer control gro

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What study supports the effectiveness of CBTp?

Jauhar et al. (2014) concluded in a review of 34 studies that CBTp has a significant but fairly small effect on both positive and negative symptoms.

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What review supports the effectiveness of CBTp?

The National Institute for health Care Excellence (NICE) 2014 review found that CBTp was more effective than antipsychotics for reducing symptoms of schizophrenia.

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What research challenges the effectiveness of CBTp?

Wykes et al (2008) found that the more rigorous the study, the weaker the effectiveness of CBTp. Meta-analyses can reach unreliable conclusions because they often use research which is methodically flawed, e.g., not using random allocation.

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Which research supports the effectiveness of token economies?

Glowacki et al (2016) reviewed 7 studies of token economies and found that they all showed a reduction in negative symptoms and a decline in the frequency of undesirable behaviours.

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Which research challenges the effectiveness of token economies?

Comer (2013) suggests that a problem of token economies research is that studies tend to be uncontrolled.

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Which research shows that token economies are less useful for patients living in the community?

Corrigan (1991) argues that token economies are not useful for managing the behaviour of outpatients who live in the community because staff cannot monitor or reward patients appropriately.

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Study which suggests that token economies may potentially be an important treatment if randomised trials could be carried out

McMonagle and Sultana (2000)

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Which psychologist proposed the original diathesis-stress model?

Meehl (1962) proposed the original model, where diathesis was entirely genetic and the result of a single ‘schizogene’ and stress was chronic stress during childhood, especially schizophrenogenic parenting.

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Which study found that there is no single schizogene?

Ripke et al. (2014) found that many genes increase genetic vulnerability slightly and so there is no single ‘schizogene’.

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Which study argued that diathesis can include non-genetic factors?

Ingram and Luxton (2005) developed the modern view of diathesis which includes non-genetic factors such as psychological trauma.

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Which study proposed the neurodevelopmental model?

Read et al. (2001) proposed a neurodevelopmental model in which early trauma alters the developing brain. For example, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system can become over-active, making the person much more vulnerable to later stress.

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Which study argued that the modern definition of stress can include non-psychological factors?

Houston et al. (2008) explains that although psychological stress is still considered as very important, a modern definition of stress includes anything that risks triggering schizophrenia, e.g. cannabis use.

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What research supports the diathesis-stress model?

Tienari et al (2004) found that a dysfunctional family environment was implicated in the development of schizophrenia but only for adopted children with a high genetic risk, and not the control group, who lacked a genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia.

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What research supports the effectiveness of the interactionist treatment for schizophrenia?

Tarrier et al (2004) showed that schizophrenia patients in combination groups of biological and psychological treatments showed a greater reduction in symptoms than the group who only took medication.

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Which research shows that the original diathesis-stress model was over-simplistic?

Houston et al. (2008) found childhood sexual trauma as a major influence on vulnerability and cannabis use as a major trigger, which contradicts the original model.

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Which research argues that the interactionist approach is subject to the treatment-causation fallacy?

Jarvis and Okami (2019) argue that the effectiveness of combined treatment methods does not prove that the interactionist approach is correct due to the influence of placebo effects.

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Schizophrenia studies

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