SCHIZOPHRENIA - STUDIES

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Cheniaux et al (2009)
had two psychiatrists independently diagnose 100 patients for Sz using DSM and ICD criteria. inter-rater reliability was poor – one diagnosed 26 (DSM) and 44 (ICD, the other 13 (DSM) and 24 (ICD).
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Buckley et al (2009)
concluded that around half of patients with a diagnosis of Sz also had a diagnosis of depression (50%) or substance abuse (47%). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder also occurred in 29% of cases and OCD in 23%.
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Longenecker et al (2010)
reviewed studies of the prevalence of Sz and concluded that since the 1980s men have been diagnosed with Sz far more often than women, whereas prior to this, there was no difference.
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Escobar
pointed out that white psychiatrists over-interpret symptoms and doubt the honesty of black patients
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Ripke et al (2014)
carried out a large study combining all previous data from genome-wide studies. The genetic make-up of 37,000 patients was compared to that of 113,000 controls; 108 separate genetic variations were linked to Sz
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Goldman-Rakic et al (2004)
identified a role for low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex (thinking and decision making) in the negative symptoms of Sz
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Juckel et al (2006)
measured activity levels in the ventral striatum in Sz and found lower levels of activity than usual. They also observed a negative correlation between activity levels in the ventral striatum and the severity of negative symptoms
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Allen et al (2007)
scanned the brains of patients experiencing auditory hallucinations whilst they identified pre-recorded speech as theirs or others. Lower activation levels in the superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus were found.
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Gottesman (1991)
showed how genetic similarity and shared risk of Sz are closely related
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Tienari et al (2004)
showed that children of Sz sufferers are still at risk of Sz if adopted. Children adopted from 19,000 finnish mothers w Sz between 1960 and 1979 - high criticism and conflict implicated in the development (MUST HAVE GENES AND ENV)
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Curran et al (2004)
found dopamine agonists like amphetamines increase the levels of dopamine make Sz worse and can produce Sz-like symptoms in non-sufferers
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Tauscher et al (2014)
found antipsychotic drugs work by reducing dopamine activity
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Lindstroem et al (1999)
found that chemicals needed to produce dopamine are taken up faster in the brains of Sz sufferers than controls, suggesting that they produce more dopamine.
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Moghaddam and Javitt (2012)
researching the role of a neurotransmitter called glutamate
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Brown et al (2002)
found evidence for the role of mutation as there was positive correlation between paternal age (associated with increased risk of sperm mutation) and risk of Sz, increasing from around 0.7% with fathers under 25 to over 2% in older
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Fromm-Reichmann (1948)
proposed the schizophrenogenic mother. (noted her patients' parents had similarities)
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Bateson et al. (1972)
emphasised the role of communication style within a family (DOUBLE BIND)
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Read et al (2005)
reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and Sz and concluded that 69% of adult female in-patients, and 59% male, had a history of physical or sexual abuse as a child
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Berry et al (2008)
found adults with insecure attachments to their primary carer are also more likely to have Sz.
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Stirling et al (2006)
compared 30 patients with a diagnosis of Sz with a control group on a range of cognitive tasks such as the Stroop, in which pps name the ink colours of colour words, suppressing the impulse to read the words - patients took over double time
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Frith
theory of central control dysfunction,
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Thornley et al (2003)
reviewed studies comparing the effects of Chlorpromazine to a placebo group - found that Chlorpromazine was associated with better functioning and reduced symptom severity.
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Meltzer (2012)
concluded that Clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical drugs
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Healy (2012)
suggested that some trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
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Healy II
also suggests that because antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients
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Pharoah et al (2010)
identifies the family therapy strategies
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Jauhar et al (2004)
reviewed the results of 34 studies of CBT for Sz. They concluded that CBT has a significant but fairly small effect on symptoms.
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Pharoah et al
reviewed the evidence for the effectiveness of family therapy, concluding that there is moderate evidence to show that family therapy reduces hospital readmission.
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McMonagle and Sultana 2009
Reviewed evidence for token economies - found only 3 studies where patients had been randomly allocated – 110 patients overall. Only one of these studies found improvement.
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Meehl 1962
original diathesis-stress model - diathesis is entirely genetic, the result of a single ‘schizogene’.
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Ingram and Luxton 2005
studied psychological trauma as the diathesis for Sz
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Read et al 2001
proposed a neurodevelopmental model in which early trauma alters the developing brain
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Tarrier et al (2004)
show an advantage to using combinations of treatments for Sz. 315 patients randomly allocated to a medication & CBT, medication & supporting counselling or a control group (meds only). COMBO GROUPS BETTER
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Houston et al (2008)
found sexual trauma in childhood was a vulnerability factor whilst cannabis was a trigger.
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Turkington et al
argue that there is a good logical fit between the interactionist approach and using combination treatments.
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Card 2

Front

concluded that around half of patients with a diagnosis of Sz also had a diagnosis of depression (50%) or substance abuse (47%). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder also occurred in 29% of cases and OCD in 23%.

Back

Buckley et al (2009)

Card 3

Front

reviewed studies of the prevalence of Sz and concluded that since the 1980s men have been diagnosed with Sz far more often than women, whereas prior to this, there was no difference.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

pointed out that white psychiatrists over-interpret symptoms and doubt the honesty of black patients

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

carried out a large study combining all previous data from genome-wide studies. The genetic make-up of 37,000 patients was compared to that of 113,000 controls; 108 separate genetic variations were linked to Sz

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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