Rivers - Physical Geography

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C S M Q W T X X U F B D V S H B S C E Q R
A T N E T S Y E N F M R F W N I A G R P H
U I O T R J M T C O B N O T O O S Q C W N
S S I R A R E K O R I O E H I L E A F V Y
E M T A N C P X N M O I O L T O V A U P V
S A U N S D D U S A Y S N U A G R U C E U
O U L S P K A X O T L O C F T I U A I I L
F J O P O J B W L I T R T I L C C W W V G
D I S O R F H D I O O E I A A A M R Q O R
E F T R T N F H D N T H D P S L O I A K G
P A R T S R H E A O P S E Y T W R F Y A S
O P O T U F F W T F D A O E R E T P A X T
S N P R S K R D E A V L Y W O A S T L G Y
I U S A P J F S D M Y P J S P T L B B G J
T B N C E D G T R E G S D M S H U F Q Y N
I E A T N X Y K O A V N L D N E J L R U W
O X R I S P S R C N U I O M A R H X E Q P
N J T O I Q N W K D U A J P R I E K E V Q
H U C N O B L J S E R R T W T N M H J T U
X G N H N S A M Q R H L P Y T G O U V L D
I U E U K K Q F X J E T S D D N O L G I C

Clues

  • Biological weathering involves both mechanical impacts such as the growth of roots, and chemical impacts such as the release of organic acids. (10, 10)
  • In areas of calcareous rock, material is carried in solution as the dissolved load. (9, 8)
  • Larger particles (sands, gravels, very small stones) are transported in a series of 'hops' as the saltated load. (9, 9)
  • Loose, broken material that is often easily eroded. (14, 5)
  • Pebbles are shunted along the bed as the tracted (bed) load. (9, 8)
  • Shallowing gradient which decreases velocity and energy, A decrease in the volume of water in the river, an increase in the friction between the water and the channel, human obstructions such as dams. (6, 2, 10)
  • Slow movement. On flat surfaces, raindrops compact the soil and dislodge particles equally in all directions. On steep slopes this causes erosion downslope. (4, 6, 7)
  • The development of POOLS and RIFFLES in a straight channel and the THALWEG begins to flow from side to side. This movement of energy causes variations in erosion and deposition. Thes variations cause river cliffs and slip off slopes. (9, 2, 1, 7)
  • The smallest and largest particles require high velocites to lift them. Higher velocites are required for entrainment than for transport. When velocity falls below a certain level those particles are deposited. (9, 6)
  • The smallest particles (silts and clays) are carried in suspension as the suspended load. This is especially important during times of flood. (9, 10)

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