Respiration

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Energy
The ability to do work
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ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate: the universal energy currency
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Anabolic reaction
Large molecules are synthesised from smaller molecules in a condesation reaction
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Catabolic Reaction
Large molecules are hydrolysed into smaller ones.
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Metabolism
All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism
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Redox reactions
A coupling of oxidative and reduction reactions. Reduction means an addition of electrons, Oxidation is a loss of electrons
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NAD
Nicotinamide adeninde dinucleotide: An organic non-protein molecule that helps dehydrogenase enzymes is oxidative reactions
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Coenzyme A
Carries acetate into the krebs cycle.
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Glycolysis
The first stage of respiration where a glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. It takes place in the cytoplasm and is common to all living things
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Hexose sugar
A sugar molecule that has six carbons. E.g. Glucose
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Triose sugars
A sugar molecule that has three carbons. E.g. Pyruvate
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Isomers
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms
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Mitachondria
Organelles found in eukaryote cells. It is the site of aerobic respiration
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Endosymbiosis theory
A theory that suggest that both mitachondria and chloroplasts evolved from independent prokaryotic organisms
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The link reaction
Converts pyruvate to acetate. NAD is reduced
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Krebs cycle
Oxidises acetate to carbon dioxide. NAD and FAD are reduced. ATP is made through substrate level phosphorylation.
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Oxidative phosphorylation
Formation of ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP in the presence of oxygen
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Chemiosmosis
The diffusion of hydrogen ions across the membrane resulting in the production of ATP in respiration
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Proton motive force
Refers to the kinetic energy behind the protons causing them to diffuse down their concentration gradient through channels associated with ATP Synthase
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Anaerobic respiration
The release of energy from substrates in the absence of oxygen
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Lactate fermentation
Pyruvate acts as the hydrogen acceptor and is reduced to lactate
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Alcoholic Fermentation
Pyruvate is decarboxylated to ethanal which acts as the hydrogen acceptor and is reduced to ethanol
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Respiratory substrate
an organic substance that can be used in respiration
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Matrix
The fluid filled centre of the mitachondria. This contains all the enzymes required to carry out the link reaction and krebs cycle. Also contains looped DNA.
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ATP Synthase
An enzyme that produces ATP because of the action of chemiosmosis. It protrudes from the inner membrane into the matrix. Also known as stalked particles.
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The outer mitachondrial membrane
Similar to that of membrane bound organelles. It contains protein channels that allows the passage of pyruvate into the mitachondria.
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The inner mitachondrial membrane
This membrane is impermeable to small ions and is heavily folded into cristae.
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Removes hydrogen atoms from pyruvate
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Pyruvate decarboxylase
Removes a carboxyl group from pyruvate. This will eventually become C02
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Oxaloacetate
A four carbon compound found in the krebs cycle that joins with acetate to make a six carbon compound.
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Citrate
A six carbon compound made in the krebs cycle when oxaloacetate and acetate are combined
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substrate level phosphorylation
The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from the chemical reorganisation of bonds within a molecule
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Electron transport chain
A series of redox reactions that provides energy to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space. This provides the proton motive force with which ATP is sythesised
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Respirometer
An instrument used for measuring oxygen uptake or carbon dioxide production in an isolated tissue.
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Soda lime
Sodium hydroxide, used in a respirometer to absorb the co2
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Respiratory Quotient
A measure of the ratio of CO2 given out by an organism to the oxygen consumed.
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Respirometer
Can measure the uptake of oxygen or the volume of carbon dioxide produced which can then be used to calculate the rate of respiration in an organism
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Beta oxidation pathway
The process through which lipids are broken down to enter the krebs cycle.. Each fatty acid is combined with CoA, requiring energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP. The complex is transported into the matrix and is broken down into acetyl groups
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Cysteine
An example of an amino acid that is converted to pyruvate so that it can be respired.
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Lysine
An example of an amino acid that is converted to acetate so that it can be respired
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Glutamate and phenylalanine
Amino acids that enter the krebs cycle directly so that they can be respired.
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Oxygen debt
The extra oxygen that is needed after exercise that is needed by the hepatocytes to metabolise the lactate
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Mitoblasts
Mitochondria that are stripped of their outer membranes
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Oligomycin
An antibiotic that blocks the flow of ions through the channels associated with ATP synthase
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Dinitrophenol
Increases the leakiness of the inner mitochondrial membrane as it acts as a protein carrier
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Coenzyme Q reductase/NADH dehydrogenase
The electron acceptor at the beginning of the electron transport chain. They accept the hydrogen electrons from NAD red.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Adenosine Triphosphate: the universal energy currency

Back

ATP

Card 3

Front

Large molecules are synthesised from smaller molecules in a condesation reaction

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Large molecules are hydrolysed into smaller ones.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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