Respiration

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  • Created by: Kanisa
  • Created on: 16-03-20 17:35
What are carbohydrates made from?
Carbohydrate polymers are chains of sugars.
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What is starch
Starch is a type of Carbohydrate polymer and it is made out of glucose monomers
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Can carbohydrate monomers be converted to polymers?
Yes when plants convert glucose to starch to store the energy as starch is a chemical energy store
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What breaks down Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates enzymes. For example amylase breaks down starch and is found in your saliva.
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What are proteins made of?
Proteins are polymers and they are made of amino acid monomers. There are 20 different types of amino acids.
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What breaks down proteins?
Protease
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What determines the difference between proteins?
The number of amino acids and how they are arranged because the chains folds together in a specific way which determines the active sight and therefore its function.
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What are proteins needed for
growth and repair of cells and body tissues. Enzymes and hormones are proteins
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What breaks down lipids.
Lipase(enzyme) breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
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What happens regarding fatty acids and glycerol during the growth of new cells
They join together.
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What are lipids categorised into?
they can be either fat( solid at room temp) or either oil(liquid at room temp)
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What do lipids do?
They provide a chemical energy store. Animals use it for insulation or buoyancy.
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What is each lipid molecule made of?
It is made of three fatty acid molecules joined to one glycerol molecule
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When is an example proteins, carbohydrates and lipids can be broken down?
during digestion
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Why are lipids not polymers?
Because a lipid molecule contains three fatty acid molecules bonded to a glycerol molecule.
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Test for starch....
Add few drops of iodine solution(iodine stains) to the test sample and if there is a colour change from orange red to blue black, starch is present
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How can biological molecules be identified?
They can be identified by adding reagents and if there is a colour change, that biological molecule is present.
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How do you test for fat(lipids)?
Add a few drops of ethanol to the substance and shake. Leave for a minute and pour the ethanol into a test tube of water. Be careful because ethanol is flammable and hazardous. If a cloudy white layer appears on top of water, fat is present.
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How do you test for proteins?
Add a few drops of copper sulphate solution to the substance and then add few drops of sodium hydroxide solution. Take care because copper sulphate is harmful and sodium hydroxide is an irritant. If there is a colour change from pale blue to purple.
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How do you test fro glucose?
Add a few drops of Benedict's solution and then heat the test tube in a water bath. If there is a colour change from blue to orange red, glucose (sugars) is present.
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Hazards for the test for fats
be careful when you shake the test tube as the ethanol may splash on to you and ethanol is flammable so make sure that there are no naked flames.
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Is this a qualitative or quantitative test?
it is a qualitative test because it tells you whether the biological molecules are present but not the quantity of them
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How do you make your results more repeatable?
Sometimes the colour change will be difficult to observe so place a white card at the back making it easier to identify. Add the same number of drops of the reagent and if you are shaking the test tube, shake it with the same power, same time
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What does reproducible mean?
If someone else does the experiment and gets the same results
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What does repeatable mean?
a measure of how close the values are if the experiment is repeated by the same person.
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What could you add for protein test instead of copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide
biuret solution
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what are safety requirements
wear goggles because the chemicals might splash and water in the water bath will be hot so don't touch
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what are the advantages of water baths?
You can heat the sample more evenly and faster
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What colour phases does Benedict's solution go through for the test for sugars
blue(colour of solution), green, yellow, orange-red. The hotter the colour, the higher the concentration of sugar.
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Where does respiration occur?
It occurs in the mitochondria. The mitochondria has a folded inner membrane which gives a ;large surface area where the enzymes that control cellular respiration is found
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What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose( C6H12O6) + oxygen _ water + carbon dioxide
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What type of reaction is respiration?
Respiration is an exothermic reaction because energy is transferred to the surroundings through heat.
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How does disinfectant affect the amount of heat transferred to the surroundings by respiration?
If there is no disinfectant, there will be bacteria which will also respire, also releasing heat so the temperature will increase more than if there wasn't disinfectant
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What are the uses of ATP in animals?
Animals use it for movement as they need energy to contract muscles. Also to stay warm because when their surroundings are colder, they increase rate of respiration. This transfers more energy by heating,they can keep warm.heat distributed by blood
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Uses of ATP in plants and animals
They use it to synthesise larger molecules from smaller ones to make new cell material. E.g plants make amino acids from sugar, nitrates, other nutrients. these amino acids then form proteins
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Where does energy come from?
Energy comes from the chemical stores in the foods you eat which is released by respiration
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Are enzymes involved in respiration?
Each chemical reaction in respiration is controlled by a specific enzyme
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What does the number of mitochondria tell you?
How much energy is needed
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What is ATP and how is it produced?
The reaction transfers energy from its chemical store in glucose to another chemical store for all cell processes. This energy store is ATP
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Which type of respiration produces more energy?
Aerobic produces more ATP molecules per glucose molecule
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Why do your muscles start to hurt during exercise?
this is due to the muscles running out of oxygen for aerobic respiration. Body converts to anaerobic, leads to build up of lactic acid
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What is oxygen debt
The oxygen required to break up the lactic acid so even when you finish exercising you still have to breathe hard because oxygen reacts with lactic acid breaking it down
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Equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose_ lactic acid(C3H6O3) + ATP
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What is fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms
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equation for fermentation
glucose_ ethanol(C2H5OH) + carbon dioxide
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What is ventilation rate
It is the amount of breaths someone takes per minute. The ventilation rate increases after anaerobic respiration so oxygen can react with lactic acid to break it down
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Can anaerobic respiration happen for long periods of time?
No
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Why does aerobic respiration produce more ATP molecule per glucose molecule
Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration so the glucose is fully broken down
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What happens when lactic acid builds up in muscles.
It can cause pain and the muscles stop contracting. This is known as fatigue(weary, tired, lack of energy,
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Where is an example that anaerobic respiration happens in plants
waterlogged roots where there is no oxygen available. waterlogging is when roots can't respire due to excess water in roots.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is starch

Back

Starch is a type of Carbohydrate polymer and it is made out of glucose monomers

Card 3

Front

Can carbohydrate monomers be converted to polymers?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What breaks down Carbohydrates

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are proteins made of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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