Respiration 5.0 / 5 based on 1 ratingTeacher recommended ? BiologyCellular processes and structureA2/A-levelOCR Created by: laelle1479Created on: 01-05-17 14:47 Where does respiration occur? In all living organisms cells; animals, plants, fungi, yeast, bacteria, protoctists etc. 1 of 33 What is the purpose of respiration? Releases chemical protential energy in organic molecules (fats, carbs, proteins etc) 2 of 33 What happens to this energy? Used to synthesise ATP (from ADP + Pi) and ATP hydrolysing it; releasing energy needed to drive biological processes 3 of 33 For what biological processes do organisms need energy for? Active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, synthesis of macromolecules, DNA replication, activation of chemicals, cell division + movement 4 of 33 Anagram for this? An elephant eats slugs daily and can't move 5 of 33 What are chemical reactions collectively known as? Metabolic reactions 6 of 33 Types of metabolic reactions? Anaphoric (making large molecules from smaller ones) + cataphoric (hydrolysis of large molecules into smaller ones) 7 of 33 Purpose of the rest of energy released from respiration + the hydrolysis of ATP? Heat energy- used to keep the organism warm so enzyme-catalysed reactions occur at/near their optimum 8 of 33 What is ATP? A phosphorylated nucleotide: adenine, ribose sugar + 2 phosphate group (phosphoryl group) 9 of 33 ATP is relatively stable in cells, what does this mean? It doesn't break down in ADP and Pi; so won't affect the water potential of cells 10 of 33 What enzyme readily breaks down ATP? Catalysis 11 of 33 What happens when ATP is hydrolysed? It releases a small quantity of energy, that's managable for cells to do work 12 of 33 The benefit of a small quantity of energy released? Doesn't cause damage in cells 13 of 33 Why is ATP the universal energy currency? It's used in all living cells as a source of energy 14 of 33 What is glycolysis? The conversion of glucose to pyruvate 15 of 33 Where does it occur? In the cytoplasm 16 of 33 What are the 3 stages of glycolysis? 1) phosphorylation of glucose 2) splitting of hexose biphosphate 3) oxidation of triose phosphate 17 of 33 What enzyme oxidises triose phosphate, aided by what? Dehydrogenase, aided by coenzyme NAD 18 of 33 Purpose of NAD? Accepts the electrons + protons (H atoms) from TP becoming reduced in the process 19 of 33 What makes NAD and NADP different? They are structurally different (due to the phosphate group in NADP), so work with different enzymes 20 of 33 The net product of glycolysis? 2 reduced NAD + 4ATP + 2 molecules of pyruvate 21 of 33 What does reduced NAD do? Carries the electrons + protons (H) to the cristae for oxidative phosphorylation 22 of 33 When it gives up the electrons + protons what happens? It becomes reoxidised so can oxidise more substrate TP in glycolysis 23 of 33 What happens to pyruvate produced in glycolysis? It is transported through a specific pyruvate-H+ symport across the mitochondrial envelope into the matrix 24 of 33 What is the link reaction? The dehydrogenation and decarboxylation of pyruvate by a larger multi-enzyme complex called pyruvate dehydrogenase 25 of 33 What is dehydrogenase and decarboxylation? The removal of carboxyl (COO) and (H) 26 of 33 What does this leave behind? An acetyl group 27 of 33 In the process what happens to NAD? It is reduced 28 of 33 What happens to the acetyl group? It combines with coenzyme A, to from acetylCoA 29 of 33 Why? It prevents anything else from binding with the carbon group, before the krebs cycle 30 of 33 What does coenzyme A do? Carries acetyl to the krebs cycle in the form of acetylCoA 31 of 33 Word equation for the link reaction? 2 pyruvate + 2NAD + 2CoA --> 2acetylCoA + 2NAD + 2Co2 32 of 33 Why 2 molecules of pyruvate? As 2 molecules of pyruvate are produced in glycolysis 33 of 33
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