Research methods psychology (Unit 1)

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what is a quasi experiment?
IV based on existing difference between people (age, gender), IV not manipulated
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advs of quasi experiments?
more control over extraneous variables, easy to replicate
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disadvs of quasi experiments?
lack ecological validity as its an artificial environment, demand characteristics
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what is a natural experiment?
IV is naturally occurring so researcher can't control it, although naturally occurring it may be tested in a lab
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advs of natural experiment?
provide opportunity for research that may not have been done due to ethics, high ecological validity as studies are real life issues.
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disadvs of natural experiment?
less control of extraneous variables so hard to see if IV affects DV (lacks internal validity), sample bias as pps not randomly selected (hard to see if IV affects DV as groups may not be comparable)
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what is a field experiment?
carried out in a natural environment, pps often unaware of experiment, IV manipulated to effect DV
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advs of a field experiment?
high ecological validity as in natural environment (reflects real life), no demand characteristics as unaware of experiment
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disadvs of field experiment?
less control of extraneous variables so lacks internal validity, not ethical as no consent is given
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what is a lab experiment?
carried out in controlled conditions, IV manipulated to effect DV
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advs of lab experiment?
high control of extraneous variables so high internal validity, easy to replicate (standardised procedure) and results likely to be reliable
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disadvs of lab experiment?
lacks ecological validity so not reflective of real life, demand characteristics
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what is matched pairs design?
the sample divided into groups and each group does one condition but participants matched on one key variable.
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disadvs of matched pairs design?
more pps needed as 1 pps only makes one result, time consuming and expensive as pre-test is required
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advs of matched pairs design?
no order effects and demand characteristics, no participant variables so high internal validity
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what is repeated measures design?
pps do all conditions
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advs of repeated measures design?
no participant variables and cheaper/quicker as fewer participants needed
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disadvs of repeated measures design?
order effects (get better with practise or worse if get bored), demand characteristics as likely to find out aim
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what is independent measures design?
the sample is divided into groups and each group does one condition.
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advs of independent measures design?
no demand characteristics or order effects
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disadvs of independent measures design?
participant variables as pps in different groups are not same and not comparable, more pps needed as one pps only makes one result
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what are self report techniques?
interviews and questionnaires
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what is a questionnaire?
a pre-set list of questions to which pps respond used to assess thoughts and feelings
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what are the styles of questions in questionnaires?
open and closed
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what is an open question? closed question?
in open questions pps can respond in any way (produces qualitative data); there is no set list of answers. Closed questions only give limited choice of answers (produces quantative data)
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what are the types of closed questions?
likert scale (1 = strongly agree, 5 = strongly disagree), rating score (starts with a question), fixed choice options (tick box etc)
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what is an interview?
a formal meeting in which one or more people question, consult or evaluate another person
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what are the 3 types of interviews?
unstructured, semi structured and structured
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what is an unstructured interview?
there are no set questions just a general aim that a certain topic will be discussed
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what is a semi structured interview?
where there is a set list of questions but interviewer is free to follow up questions where they see fit.
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what is a structured interview?
there is a set list of questions that must be asked in a specific order
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advs of questionnaire?
produces quantative data which is easy to analyse, can be distributed to a lot of people so extensive results and quick, cost effective
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disadvs of questionnaire?
social desirability: pps may not be truthful as may present self in positive light, response bias: pps often wish ti complete it quickly and fail to read questions properly so reduced validity
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advs of interviews?
easy to replicate as there is a standardised procedure so this reduces difference between interviews, more detailed and give pps opportunity to express opinions
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disadvs of interviews?
restrictive (if structured) as can't deviate from topic so may miss valuable info and reduce validity, hard to analyse as qualitative data produced (interpretation), social desirability
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what are the three main types of correlation?
positive, negative and no correlation
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what does the correlation coefficient tell us?
the higher the number the stronger the correlation, and also tells us what direction its going in.
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what is the difference between a correlation and an experiment?
experiment manipulates IV to see affect on DV, correlation measures relationship between 2 variables.
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what are the 3 types of hypothesis?
null, directional and non directional
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what is a non directional hypothesis?
states a difference between "there will be a difference between..."
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what is a directional hypothesis?
shows direction "X will be more intelligent than Y"
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what is a null hypothesis?
shows no difference "there will be no difference between X and Y"
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what is a random sample?
every member of population has equal chance of selection
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advs and disadvs of random sample?
advs: unbiased, disadvs: time consuming to get list of whole population
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what is an opportunity sample?
uses whoever is available and fits criteria
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advs and disadvs of opportunity sample?
advs: less time consuming & convenient, disadvs: unrepresentative, researcher bias
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what is stratified sampling?
when the sample has the same ratio of the types of people in the whole population?
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advs and disadvs of stratified sample?
advs: no researcher bias, representative of population, disadvs: time consuming to identify subgroups and then randomly select pps and contact
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what is a self selected sample?
pps volunteer themselves
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advs and disadvs of self selected sample?
advs: less time consuming, disadvs: biased as attracts certain type of person
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what is systematic sampling?
picking every nth person from a list/ predetermined system to select pps.
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advs and disadvs of systematic sampling?
advs: no researcher bias, representative, diadvs: time consuming and expensive
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what is a pilot study?
a small scale version of an investigation prior to the actual experiment which involves a handful of pps rather than whole population
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what is the aim of pilot studies?
allow researcher to identify certain issues and modify the research as appropriate
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what is the advs of pilot studies?
save time and money in the long run
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what is a confounding variable?
variables that have been found to affect the DV other than the IV
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what is an extraneous variable?
variables that may affect the DV other than the IV
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what is the independent variable?
the variable you change
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what is the dependent variable?
a variable who's value depends on another
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what is a covert observation?
when the researcher pretends to be an ordinary person in the group and observes in secret
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advs and disadvs of covert observation?
advs: no demand characteristics, disadvs: unethical
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what is an overt observation?
when the researcher tells the group they are conducting an experiment and observes openly
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advs and disadvs of overt observation?
advs: ethical, disadvs: demand characteristics
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what is a participant observation?
when the researcher has direct contact with the people they are observing
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advs and disadvs of participant observation?
advs: greater insight so more validity, disadvs: researcher bias
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what is a non participant observation?
researcher doesn't have direct contact with the people being observed
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advs of non participant observation?
advs: no researcher bias, disadvs: demand characteristics
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what is a controlled observation?
behaviour is observed under controlled conditions
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advs and disadvs of controlled observations?
advs: high control so high internal validity, disadvs: demand characteristics
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what is a naturalistic observation?
behaviour observed in natural environment
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advs and disadvs of naturalistic observation?
advs: ecological validity, no demand characteristics, disadvs: unethical
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What is primary data?
data you collect yourself
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advs and disadvs of primary data?
advs: specific to exactly what you want, disadvs: time consuming, expensive
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what is secondary data? examples?
data collected by a secondary source e.g articles, internet
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advs and disadvs of secondary data?
advs: quick and easy to collect, disadvs: out of date, not specific to experiment
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what is quantative data?
data expressed in numbers
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advs and disadvs of quantative data?
advs: easy to analyse, data is objective and less open to bias, disadvs: less detail
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what is qualitative data?
data expressed in words, concerned with the interpretation of language from interviews etc
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advs and disadvs of qualative data?
advs: more detail and opportunity to develop opinions, disadvs: difficult to analyse, researcher bias
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what is objective data?
strictly controlled, unbiased collected data
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what is subjective data?
based on feelings or personal opinion
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what is a peer review?
an assessment of scientific work by others who are specialists in the same field to ensure that any research intended for publication is of high quality
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advs of peer review?
validates research
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disadvs of peer review?
anonymous so rival researchers make deliberate critisms especially if in competition for public funding, publication bias, burying opposing research
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main aims of peer review?
allocate research findings, validate quality and relevance, suggest amendments or improvements
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what are measures of central tendency?
median, mode, mean
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what are measures of dispersion?
standard deviation, range
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what is standard deviation?
a value that tells us how far scores deviate from the mean, the bigger the SD the greater the spread of data.
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advs of quasi experiments?

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more control over extraneous variables, easy to replicate

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disadvs of quasi experiments?

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Card 4

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what is a natural experiment?

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Card 5

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advs of natural experiment?

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