Research methods
0.0 / 5
- Created by: FatCat3
- Created on: 05-04-22 18:07
IGNORE THIS SET OF FLASHCARDS I MESSED UP!!!!!!!
THEYRE DUPLICATED SO FOLLOW THE HEADINGS BUT IGNORE THIS SET!!
1 of 44
what's the independent and dependant variable?
IV-researcher manipulates this variable and it is assumed to have a direct impact on the dependant variable
DV-researcher measures this variable and is affected by the independent variable
DV-researcher measures this variable and is affected by the independent variable
2 of 44
what do experimental methods aim to do?
find a cause and effect relationship between IV and DV and to measure the extent of the effect
3 of 44
what are the 4 diff types of experiment? explain them
1. laboratory experiment- controlled settings, manipulates the IV, measures the DV, PP know they are being experimented
2. field experiments- natural conditions, manipulates the IV, measures the DV, PP don't-
2. field experiments- natural conditions, manipulates the IV, measures the DV, PP don't-
4 of 44
continuing w previous card
-know they're being experimented
3. natural experiments- natural conditions, IV is naturally occurring ie earthquake, measures the DV, exp group usually compared to a control group
3. natural experiments- natural conditions, IV is naturally occurring ie earthquake, measures the DV, exp group usually compared to a control group
5 of 44
continuing w previous card
4. quasi experiments- controlled/natural conditions, IV is a difference between people ie gender, measures DV
6 of 44
name the evaluations of lab experiments
+high control over extraneous variables which could effect result of DV, increasing internal validity and establishing a better cause/effect rs
-lack ecological validity cut of the artificial nature, ungeneralisable and mundane realism, PP also watched
-lack ecological validity cut of the artificial nature, ungeneralisable and mundane realism, PP also watched
7 of 44
name the evaluations of field experiments
+high level of ecological validity, representative of every day life (-less control over extraneous variables which impact DV)
-ethical issues, no informed consent from PP, privacy is breached
-ethical issues, no informed consent from PP, privacy is breached
8 of 44
name the evaluations of natural experiments
+high external validity, real life issues that aren't manipulated (-extraneous variables can effect DV)
+unique info gained into real life situations, can look into interesting concepts of psychology that cant be done artificially due to practicality-
+unique info gained into real life situations, can look into interesting concepts of psychology that cant be done artificially due to practicality-
9 of 44
continuing w previous card
-restraints (-may be a very rare case so you cant generalise it)
10 of 44
name the evaluations of quasi experiments
-PP cant be randomly allocated to removes issue of bias, level of IV to which they belong is predecided, so uncertain if IV or environmental factors caused it (+allow researchers to compare different types of people which cant be done regularly)
11 of 44
counting w previous card
-methodological issues, in natural conditions there is no control over environment/extraneous variables, so unsure if factors such as age effect DV (-but its arguably better then controlled lab settings)
12 of 44
what is an hypothesis?
a hypothesis is a clear prediction of the possible outcomes of a study or the rs between the diff variables in a study
13 of 44
what is operationalisation?
describes how a variable is defined by a researcher; it can be applied to IV, DV or co-variables. hypothesis should always contain an operationalised IV or DV
14 of 44
what is a directional hypothesis?
this predicts the specific nature/direction of the difference between two or more
variables and is typically based on past research, can also be referred to one-tailed
variables and is typically based on past research, can also be referred to one-tailed
15 of 44
what is a non-directional hypothesis?
this predicts that a difference will exist between two or more variables, without predicting the exact direction of the difference, usually cuz previous research has been inconclusive, specific nature of the effect of the IV on the DV cant be predicted-
16 of 44
counting w previous card
-, sometimes referred to as two-tailed.
17 of 44
what's an independent/ repeated measures design?
I- when PP are in a study, there are 2 groups of PP who will go through different conditions
R- when one group of PP in a study will go through both conditions
R- when one group of PP in a study will go through both conditions
18 of 44
name the evaluations of I.M.D and R.M.D
I: -more PP required, time-consuming, expensive
+no demand characteristics/PP effect ie fatigue
R: -possible demand characteristics, PP effect
+requires less PP so less costly, less time consuming (+also less individual differences)
+no demand characteristics/PP effect ie fatigue
R: -possible demand characteristics, PP effect
+requires less PP so less costly, less time consuming (+also less individual differences)
19 of 44
what is the mean?
adding all the number then driving by the amount of values
the average of the numbers
the average of the numbers
20 of 44
what is the median?
listing the numbers correctly and cancelling out the numbers until you get the middle number
midpoint value
midpoint value
21 of 44
what is the mode?
the most common number
the maximum value as it is the mass probability
the maximum value as it is the mass probability
22 of 44
what is the range?
highest value- lowest value
how far it is from one variable to another
how far it is from one variable to another
23 of 44
what 2 methods of sampling (name the evaluations of each method too) does the researcher have for observations?
time sampling- where an observer records behaviours at prescribes intervals eg every 10 seconds, +better use of time since fewer observations are made, - not every behaviour of relevance to the researcher will be counted if it-
24 of 44
continuing w previous card
occurs between the time time frames allocated
event sampling- where observer records the number of times that the target behaviour occurs eg using a tally, +every behaviour of interest to researcher will be counted from beginning to end-
event sampling- where observer records the number of times that the target behaviour occurs eg using a tally, +every behaviour of interest to researcher will be counted from beginning to end-
25 of 44
counting w previous card
- - possibility that some behaviours could e missed if theres too much happening at the same time, resulting in some behaviours not being coded.
26 of 44
what are covert observations, name evaluations?
observing people without someones consent
+ investigator effects are less likely as observation is hidden, true behaviour can be seen and less chance of demand characteristics, natural behaviour more representative
+ investigator effects are less likely as observation is hidden, true behaviour can be seen and less chance of demand characteristics, natural behaviour more representative
27 of 44
counting w previous card
-ethical issues no informed consent, pp not aware they're in an exp, rights are taken ie right to withdraw (-public spaces are acceptable to observe as no privacy laws are being breached)
28 of 44
what are overt observations, name evaluations?
pp being observed and are aware that they are being observed
+more ethical as there are np privacy issues, the pp gives their fully consent and knows their rights in the exp (+reputation pf psychology and research is saved)
+more ethical as there are np privacy issues, the pp gives their fully consent and knows their rights in the exp (+reputation pf psychology and research is saved)
29 of 44
continuing w previous card
-investigator effects, possible for a bias to form where researcher impacts pp behaviours, so demand characteristics can take place, reducing internal validity
30 of 44
what are participant observations, name the evaluations?
researcher who is conducting the exp is taking part in the activity as well (can be covert/overt)
+ in-depth data can be uncovered as researcher is close to pp, info may not be unlocked if researcher isn't directly involved with pp
+ in-depth data can be uncovered as researcher is close to pp, info may not be unlocked if researcher isn't directly involved with pp
31 of 44
counting w previous card
-possible investigator effects as researcher has an impact on pp behaviours, presence of researcher in a group can influence pp behaviour , demand characteristics may take place, reducing internal validity as natural behaviour isn't being researched
32 of 44
what are non participant observations, name evaluations?
researcher doesn't involve themselves in the activity the group does while they're being observed (either covert or overt)
+investigator effects less likely to take place as researcher is observing from a distancing and sometimes-
+investigator effects less likely to take place as researcher is observing from a distancing and sometimes-
33 of 44
continuing w previous card
-aren't even visible to PP, behaviour observed more representative of natural human conduct
-lack of proximity means researcher can miss behaviours of interest that offer unique insights into human behaviour
-lack of proximity means researcher can miss behaviours of interest that offer unique insights into human behaviour
34 of 44
what are naturalistic observations, name evaluations?
researcher observes behaviour in an unaltered, natural settings
+high ecological validity as researcher records naturally occurring behaviour that is original and in its normal environment, more representative of life
+high ecological validity as researcher records naturally occurring behaviour that is original and in its normal environment, more representative of life
35 of 44
continuing w previous card
-reliability, exact same conditions may be impossible to replicated so test-retest methods cant be used to check reliability of an observation , lacking replicability
36 of 44
what are controlled observations, name evaluations?
observation conducted under strict, controlled conditions ie lab setting to remove extraneous variables
+can be replicated to check reliability as variables are highly controlled and standard procedures ie manipulating iv can be changes, kept the same to
+can be replicated to check reliability as variables are highly controlled and standard procedures ie manipulating iv can be changes, kept the same to
37 of 44
continuing w previous card
-see reliability.
-low external/ecological validity as researcher records behaviour in an artificial environment which doest have a natural observational setting, variables are subject to strict manipulation and so pp behaviour can alter
-low external/ecological validity as researcher records behaviour in an artificial environment which doest have a natural observational setting, variables are subject to strict manipulation and so pp behaviour can alter
38 of 44
what are structured observations, name evaluations?
researcher uses coded shceedukes which was agreed in a document to organise data and behavioural categories. a behavioural category is when psychologists must decide between specific behaviours should be examined, this involves breaking target-
39 of 44
counting w previous card
-behaviour into observable components.
+ researcher can compare between pp and across groups, use of operationalised behavioural categories makes the coding of the data more systematic, more than 1 observer also= inter observer-
+ researcher can compare between pp and across groups, use of operationalised behavioural categories makes the coding of the data more systematic, more than 1 observer also= inter observer-
40 of 44
continuing w previous card
-reliability
- problem w. internal validity, as researcher may miss some crucial behaviours during observations which is needed to the aim of the observation, findings may not provide full pic of behaviour and lack small details
- problem w. internal validity, as researcher may miss some crucial behaviours during observations which is needed to the aim of the observation, findings may not provide full pic of behaviour and lack small details
41 of 44
what are unstructured observations, name evaluations?
involves every instance of behaviour being recorded and described as much detail in problem
+richness of data, behaviour recorded in greater detail, researchers able to gain comprehensive view of human behaviour, adds internal validity
+richness of data, behaviour recorded in greater detail, researchers able to gain comprehensive view of human behaviour, adds internal validity
42 of 44
continuing w previous card
-prone to observer bias due to lack of objective behaviour categories, observer may only record behaviour which is of subjective value to them and not a valid representation of what's being displayed, issue with inter observer reliability due-
43 of 44
continuing w previous card
-to lack of consistency in results
44 of 44
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what's the independent and dependant variable?
Back
IV-researcher manipulates this variable and it is assumed to have a direct impact on the dependant variable
DV-researcher measures this variable and is affected by the independent variable
DV-researcher measures this variable and is affected by the independent variable
Card 3
Front
what do experimental methods aim to do?
Back
Card 4
Front
what are the 4 diff types of experiment? explain them
Back
Card 5
Front
continuing w previous card
Back
Related discussions on The Student Room
- A level AQA Psychology »
- A level chemistry required practical help »
- AQA A-Level Psychology Support for 2024 exams »
- Doing a PhD (TESOL field) with no relevant undergrad or postgrad experience »
- All nighter Psychology »
- Biomedical Science - SPF Assignment Examples/Tips »
- grant thornton digital interview »
- BTEC H/S Care Unit 4: Enquiries into Current Research in Health and Social Care »
- A level geography NEA »
- A-level geography NEA »
Similar Psychology resources:
4.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
0.0 / 5
2.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
Comments
No comments have yet been made