Research methods

?
  • Created by: Ems9
  • Created on: 05-04-19 16:47
Aim
a general statement which will be investigated
1 of 88
hypothesis
a clear testable statement which identifies variables and their relationship
2 of 88
directional hypothesis
states the direction of the difference or association between variables
3 of 88
non-directional hypothesis
direction of variables is not stated
4 of 88
variables
anything that can be manipulated within a study
5 of 88
independent variable
the variable that will be manipulated to measure the effect on the DV
6 of 88
dependent variable
the variable that will be measured
7 of 88
operalisation
clearlydefining variables in terms of how they will be measured
8 of 88
extraneous variable
unwanted varialbes (not IV) that need to be controlled so they dont affect the DV
9 of 88
confounding variable
variable (not IV) which can affect the DV but cant be controlled
10 of 88
demand characteristics
any cue from researcher or stufy which reveals the purpose of the study
11 of 88
investigator effects
any effect the investigator has on the outcome of the study
12 of 88
independent groups design
when each participant completes one condition
13 of 88
repeated measures design
when each participant completes both conditions
14 of 88
matched pairs design
participants are matched based on variables, one in pair will complete condition A while other completes B. results then directly compared
15 of 88
counterbalancing
for RMS, half will complete A then B, other half will complete B then A, reduce order effects
16 of 88
laboratory experiement
in a controlled environment where the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on DV
17 of 88
Field experiement
in a natural setting where the researcher manipulates the IV
18 of 88
natural experiment
change in IV would have occured anyway, even if the researcher was not interested
19 of 88
quasi experiment
IV is not determined by anyone, the variables simply exist
20 of 88
population
a group of people who are the focus of the researchers interest
21 of 88
sample
group of people from population who take part in study
22 of 88
random sample
everyoneis population has equal chance of being selected for sample
23 of 88
systematic sample
where every nth member of a population is selected for sample
24 of 88
stratified sample
compositionof sample reflects the proportions of groups within the population
25 of 88
opportunity sample
anyone who is willing and available from population
26 of 88
volunteer sample
participants select themselves for the study
27 of 88
bias
where certain groups are over/under represented within a sample
28 of 88
generalisation
the extent to which findings can be broadly applied to a population
29 of 88
ethical issues
informed consent, right to withdraw, deception, protection from harm and privacy + confidentiality
30 of 88
types of consent
retrospective consent, prior general consent, presumptive consent
31 of 88
pilot study
small scale study to test aim procedure and allow for changes before actual study
32 of 88
single blind procedure
participant doesnt know which condition they are in but the researcher does
33 of 88
double blind procedure
both the participant and researcher dont know which conditions which
34 of 88
naturalistic observation
observing behaviour where it would usually occur
35 of 88
controlled observation
observing behaviour within a structured environment
36 of 88
covert observation
participants dont know they are being observed
37 of 88
overt observation
participants do know they are being observed
38 of 88
participant observation
researcher becomes member of the group being observed
39 of 88
non-participant observation
researcher remains outside of the group being observed
40 of 88
unstructured observation
write down everything the observ
41 of 88
structured observation
only record behaviour that has been pre-determined
42 of 88
time sampling
identify target individual/group, record all behaviour within a set time
43 of 88
event sampling
target behaviour/event identified, record each time the behaviour occurs
44 of 88
questionnaire
preset list of written questions that a participant responds to
45 of 88
open questions
no set responses, free to answer how they want
46 of 88
closed questions
must respond from one of a set number of fixed responses
47 of 88
structured interview
pre-determined set of questions that are asked in a set order
48 of 88
unstrucutred interview
no set questions, conversation lke
49 of 88
positive corelation
as one varialbe increases so does the other
50 of 88
negative correlation
as one variable increases the other decreases
51 of 88
co-varialbes
variables investigated within a correlation
52 of 88
qualitative data
data expressed in words
53 of 88
quantitative data
data expressed in numerical form
54 of 88
primary data
original data which has been collected specifically collected for that investigation
55 of 88
secondary data
data collected by someone else for another investigation
56 of 88
meta analysis
process of combining results from a number of studies on a particular topic to give an overall view
57 of 88
descriptive statistics
use of graphs, tables and summary stats to identify trends
58 of 88
sign test
used to analyse the difference in scores between related data in nominal form
59 of 88
factors to work out critical value
level of significance, number of participants and type of hypothesis
60 of 88
peer review
assessment of scientific work by others who are specialists in the field to ensure the research is of high quality
61 of 88
case study
indepth investigation/description of individual, group, event
62 of 88
content analysis
indirect study of behaviour by examining communications people produce
63 of 88
thematic analysis
inductive and qualitative approach to anaylsis, identify implicit/explicit ideas within data
64 of 88
reliabilty
extnt to which findings are consistent
65 of 88
test-retest reliabilty
way to assess reliabilty by assessing the same person on two seperate occations
66 of 88
inter-observer reliability
extent to which there is agreement between two or more researchers in the observationof behaviour
67 of 88
validity
whether something is real or just the outcome of a study
68 of 88
internal validity
the extent to which the researcher is measuring what was intended
69 of 88
external validity
the degree to which research findings can be generalsied
70 of 88
face validity
whether it appears to measure what was intended
71 of 88
concurrent validity
extent to which a psychological measure relates to an existing similar measure
72 of 88
ecological validity
extent to which findings can be generalsied to other settings
73 of 88
temporal validity
extent to which findings can be generalised to other historical times
74 of 88
how to improve validity
use of control groups, standardising procedures, lie scale on questionnaires
75 of 88
chi-squared
correlation, nominal data and unrelated design
76 of 88
mann-whitney
difference, ordinal data, unrelated design
77 of 88
pearsons r
correlation, interval data
78 of 88
related t test
difference, interval data, related design
79 of 88
spearmans rho
correlation, ordinal data
80 of 88
unrelated t test
difference, interval data, unrelated design
81 of 88
wilcoxon
difference, ordinal data, related design
82 of 88
rule of r
if the stats name has an r in it, the calcualted value must be more than or equal to critical value to be significant
83 of 88
type I error
incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis
84 of 88
type II error
acceptance of a false null hypothesis
85 of 88
paradigm shift
result of scientific revolution, significant change in the dominant theory
86 of 88
replicability
extent to which scientific procedures and findings can be repeated by other researchers
87 of 88
falsifiabilty
principle that a theory cannot be considered scientific unless it admits the possibilty of being proved untrue
88 of 88

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

hypothesis

Back

a clear testable statement which identifies variables and their relationship

Card 3

Front

directional hypothesis

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

non-directional hypothesis

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

variables

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Research methods and techniques resources »