What is Grace Davie's 'believing without belonging' theory?
Religion is taking a more privatised form and church attendance is now a matter of personal choice. Therefore, many people hold religious views but do not attend Church.
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What is 'Vicarious Religion'?
Religious practice is left to the clergy so a small minority practice religion on behalf of a larger number of people
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In what ways is the Church viewed as a 'spiritual health service'?
The Church is still used for 'hatching, matching and dispatching'
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Why are there multiple modernities?
Modernisation affects society differently, for example religion is flourishing in America compared to Britain
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Give one criticism of Davie
The British Social Attitudes Surveys from 1983-2000 show that both attendance and belief are declining
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What is Hervieu-Leger's 'Spiritual Shopping' theory?
There has been a cultural amnesia: people no longer pass religion down from generation to generation. Religion continues through individual consumerism with do-it-yourself beliefs
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What are the two new religious types emerging?
Pilgrims: Follow an individual path in search of self-discovery. Converts: Join religious groups that offer a strong sense of belonging, recreating a sense of community
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According to Lyon, why has the relocation of religion changed the nature of religion in postmodern society?
Religious ideas are often online due to globalisation. The media gives instant access to ideas of previously remote religions. These ideas become 'disembedded' as the media moves them to a different place/time so religion becomes de-institutionalised
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What is 'pick n mix' religions?
We can now choose different parts of faiths to suit our tastes and make them part of our idenitity
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Why has there been a loss of faith in meta-narratives?
Religion has relocated to the sphere of consumption and people become skeptical of the truth
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Why does Lyon see recent decades as a period of re-enchantment?
There is a growth of non-traditional religion in the West
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What are the key ideas of the New Age?
Individualism, personal development, autonomy and one's inner-self
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What did Heelas and Woodhead find in their Kendal study?
They distinguish between the congregational domain of traditional and evangelical Christian Churches and the Hollistic Milieu of the New age. 7.9% attended Church in 2000 and 1.6% took part in spiritual activities
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How do Heelas and Woodhead explain the trends found in their Kendal study?
New Age spiritualilty has grown because of a massive subjective turn in today's culture. Evangelical Churches are more successful because they emphasise the subjective areas.
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Why does Bruce argue the New Age is too weak?
It needs to be on a larger scale. A belief system can only survive if it is passed down through generations and spiritual commitment to the New Age is rare. New Age Spirituality is a cause of secularisation due toits individualism; it lacks cohesion
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What is Stark and Bainbridge's religious market theory based on (two assumptions)
People are naturally religious and religion meets human needs. People make rational choices based on the costs and benefits o the available religious options
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What is religious market theory?
There is a historical cycle of religious decline, revival and renewal. Churches leave a gap in the market for new sects and cults and competition leads to improvements in the quality of religious goods on offer
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Why is religion strong in America compared to European countries?
A healthy market exists where religions grow/decline according to consumer demand. Where there is religious monopoly, a lack of choice has led to a decline
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How do Noris and Inglehart criticise the America Versus Europe concept?
There are high levels of religious participation in Catholic countries where the Church has a near monopoly
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Why do Norris and Inglehart reject religious market theory and what do they propose are the reasons for such variations?
Religious market theory can only be applied to America. The reasons for variations is due to the different degrees of existential security
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Using Norris and Inglehart's theory, why is religion high in third world countries?
Religion meets a need for security so societies where people feel insecure, such as low income groups, have a high demand for religion
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How are Norris and Inglehart criticised?
They only see religion as a negative response to deprivation and ignore the positive reasons people participate in religion
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Why is Western society becoming more secular?
These societies are relatively equal and secure with well developed welfare states which reduce insecurity among the poor.
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Why is America the most unequal of societies?
They have high poverty levels and a weak welfare system
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How do Gill and Lundegaarde support Existential Security Theory?
They argue the more a country spends on welfare, the lower its level of religious participation
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is 'Vicarious Religion'?
Back
Religious practice is left to the clergy so a small minority practice religion on behalf of a larger number of people
Card 3
Front
In what ways is the Church viewed as a 'spiritual health service'?
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